| Cover |
| Half Title Page |
| Title Page |
| Copyright Page |
| Acknowledgments |
| Contents |
| Chapter One – An Introduction to the Psychology Of Religion and Coping |
| Introduction |
| Why Study Religion and Coping |
| Why a Psychology of Religion and Coping |
| Bridging Worldviews and Practices |
| Bridging Methods of Knowing the World |
| Enriching Religion through Psychological Study |
| Enriching Psychology Through Religious Study |
| Wht the Psychology of Religion and Coping Cannot Offer |
| Ain Unbiased Portrayal |
| Conclusions and Plan of the Book |
| Part One – A Perspective on Religion |
| Chapter Two – “The Sacred and the Search For Significance” |
| Entering The Religious Labyrinth |
| The Many Meanings of Religion |
| Towards a Definition of Religion |
| The Substantive Tradition: The Sacredas the Mark of Religion |
| The Functional Tradition: The Struggle -with Ultimatelame* as the Mark of Religion |
| Bridging the Substantive and Functional Traditions:The Sacred and the Search for Significanceas the Mark of Religion |
| A Definition of Religion |
| Chapter Three – “Religious Means : Pathways To Significance” |
| Ways of’ Feeling, Thinking, Acting, and Relating |
| Feeling |
| Thinking |
| Acting |
| Ralathtg |
| Many Shapes, Many Sizes |
| Pathways as Functional Mechanisms |
| Some Final Thoughts about Religious Pathways |
| Religious Ends: Destinations of Significance |
| The Place of the Human, The Place of the Spiritual |
| The Variety of Personal and Social Ends of Religion |
| Religion and the Search for Meaning |
| Religion and the Search for Comfort |
| A Shelter from the World |
| A Shelter from Human Impulse |
| Religion and the Search for Self |
| Religion and the Search for Community |
| Intimacy |
| A B etter World |
| Some Final Thoughts about Religious Destinations |
| Religious Orientations to the Means and Ends of Significance |
| The Polarization of the Means and Ends of Religion |
| On the positive end is the intrinsic religious orientation |
| Intrinsic and Extrinsic Orientations |
| Quest Orientation |
| Implications of a Means-and-BncL Approach |
| Explaining Some Puzzling Finclingt |
| Are There Only Three Religious Orientations? |
| Religious Disorientation |
| Beyound Religious Orientations |
| P art Two – A Perspective on Coping |
| Chapter Four – An Introduction to the Concept of Coping |
| The Historical Context of Coping |
| External Historical Forces |
| Internal Historical Forces |
| The Intrapsychic Response to Stress |
| The Physiological Response to Stress |
| The Psychological Response to Stress |
| Social Stresssors |
| First Steps in the Study of Coping |
| The Central Qualities of Coping |
| The Worker Trapped by High Expectations |
| The Running Rabbit Hobbled by Illness |
| Coping as an Encounter between Person and Situation |
| Coping as Multidimensional |
| Coping as a Multilayered Contextual Phenomenon |
| Coping as Possibilities and Choices |
| Diversity as a Hallmark of Coping |
| Conclusions |
| Chapter Five – The Flow of Coping |
| Assumption I: People Seek Significance |
| The Sense of Significance |
| The Objects of Significance |
| The Motivation to Attain Significance |
| Assumption II : Events are Constructed in Terms of Thier Significance to People |
| Primary Appraisals |
| The Power of Appraisals |
| Assumption III – People Bring An Orienting System To The Coping Process |
| The Resources of Coping |
| The Burdens of Coping |
| The Bank Account of Resources and Burdens |
| Assumption IV – People Translate The Orienting System into Specific Methods of Coping |
| Assumption V: People Seek Significance in Coping Through The Mechanisms of Conservation And Transformation |
| The Conservation of Significance |
| The Transformation of Significance |
| Conservation and Transformation of Means and Ends in Coping |
| Assumption VI: People Cope in Ways That are Compelling to Them |
| Assumption VII: Coping is Embedded in Culture |
| Assumption VIII: The Keys to Good Coping Lie in the Outcomes and the Process |
| The Outcomes Approach |
| Assessing the Outcomes o f Coping |
| No Single Key to Good Coping |
| The Limits o f the Outcomes Approach |
| The Proceag Approach |
| Conclusions |
| Part Three – The Religion and Coping Connection |
| Chapter Six – When People Turn to Religion; When They Turn Away |
| Are there Really No Atheists in Foxholes? |
| Some Anecdotal Account* |
| Some Contrasting Anecdotal Accounts |
| Empirical Perspective |
| The Prevalence o f Religious Coping |
| Religious versus Nonreligious Coping |
| Religious Coping in More Stressful versus Less Stressfu Situations |
| Conclusions |
| When Religion and Coping Converge |
| Why Religion and Coping Converge |
| The Availability of Religion in the Orienting System |
| Availability as a Relative Construct |
| Religious Coping Does Not Come Out o f Nowhere |
| The Compelling Character of Religious Coping Methods |
| Compelling Coping in a Doomsday Cult |
| The Awareness of Human Limitations |
| Boundary Conditions |
| From the Boundary to the Center of Life |
| The Relationship between the Availability of Religion and the Compelling Character of Religious Coping Methods |
| Why Religion and Coping Diverge |
| Leaving the Convent |
| Where Is God in Hell? |
| The Making of Atheists |
| Conclusions |
| Chapter Seven – The Many Faces of Religion in Coping |
| From Heaven to Earth |
| Beyond Stereotypes |
| Merely Tension Reduction? The Many Ends of Religious Coping |
| Merely Denial? The Many Religious Constructions of the Situation |
| Creating and Avoiding Life Events |
| Merely Avoidance? The Many Methods of Religious Coping |
| Self-Directing, Deferring, and Collaborative: Three Religious Approaches to Control in Coping |
| Self-directing |
| Deferring |
| Collaborative |
| Measuring the Many Faces of Religious Coping |
| Shaping The Expression of Religious Coping |
| Situational Forces and the Shape of Religious Coping |
| Cultural Force* and the Shape of Religious Coping |
| Individual Forces and the Shape of ReligiousCoping: The Orienting System |
| Conclusions |
| Chapter Eight – Religion and The Mechanisms of Coping:The Conservation of Significance |
| Religion and The Conservation of Significance |
| HoldingFast: Religion and The Perservation of Significance |
| Marking Boundaries |
| Religious Perseverance |
| Religious Support |
| Spiritual Support |
| Interpersonal Religious Support |
| Another Way to an Old Destination: Religion and The Reconstruction of The Path to Significance |
| Religious Switching |
| Switching Gods |
| Switching Religious Groups |
| Religious Purification |
| Religious Refraining |
| Religious Reframing of the Event |
| Religious Reframing of the Person |
| The Limited Ability to Understand |
| Religious Refraining of the Sacred |
| The Deoite Doing |
| A Limited God |
| Conclusions |
| Chapter Nine – Religion and the Mechanisims of Coping: The Transformation of Significance |
| Change of Heart: Religion and the Re-Valuation of Significance |
| Seeking Religious Purpose |
| Rites of Passage |
| From Life to Death |
| Preparation and Separation |
| Incorporation |
| Radical Change: Religion and the Re-Creation of Significance |
| Religious Conversion: From Self to Sacred Concern |
| Life Transformation at the Goal of Conversion |
| Self- Transformation as the Method of Convention |
| Admitting the Limitations of the Self |
| Incorporating the Sacred into the Se lf |
| The Question of Choice |
| Religious Forgiving: From Anger to Peace |
| Forgiving as Re-Creation |
| What Mahal Forgiving Religious? |
| The Spiritual Significance of Forgiving |
| Models and Methods of Religious Forgiving |
| Hard Questions about Forgiving |
| How Common is Forgiving? |
| Are There Times Not to Forgive? |
| Conclusions |
| Part Four – Evaluative and Practical Implications |
| Chapter Ten – Does it Work? Religion and the Outcomes of Coping |
| Self- Evaluations of the Efficacy of Religious Coping |
| Religious Orientations and the Outcomes of Negative Life Events |
| Religious Coping and the Outcomes of Negative Life Events |
| What Types of religious Coping are Helpful? What Types are Harmful? |
| Helpful Forms of Religious Coping |
| Harmful Forms of Religious Coping |
| Forms of Religious Coping with Mixed Implications |
| Is Religion More Helpful to Some People than Others in Times of Stress? |
| Is Religion More Helpful in Some Situations Than Others? |
| Conclusions |
| Chapter Eleven – When Religion Fails: Problems of Integration in the Process of Coping |
| The Wrong Direction” Problems of Ends |
| Religious Oiie-Sidedness |
| Religious Deception |
| The Wrong Road: Problems of Means |
| Errors of Religious Explanation |
| Errors of Religious Control |
| Errors o f Religious Moderation |
| Against the Wind Problems of Fit |
| A Time and Place for Not Fitting |
| No Single Best Way to Cope |
| Accounting for the failures of Religion in Coping |
| Undifferentiated Religion |
| Submit to God’s Will |
| Ignore the Negative Side of Life |
| No Room for Redemption |
| Fragmented Religion |
| Fragmentation between Religion and the Other Sides of Life |
| Fragmentation between Religious Belief and Practice |
| Fragmentation between Religious Motivationantion Religious Practice |
| Religious Rigidity |
| Insecure Religious Attachment |
| Conclusions |
| Chapter Twelve – Putting Religion Into Practice |
| Attending to the Helper’s Orientation to Religion |
| Religious Rejectionism |
| Religious Exclusivism |
| Religious Constructivism |
| Religious Pluralism |
| Assessing Religion in the Coping Process |
| The Standard for Comparison |
| The Starting Point |
| Assessing Religion in Context |
| Applications of Religious Coping to Counceling |
| Preservation |
| Reconstruction |
| Re-Valuation |
| Rituals of Transition |
| Seeking Religious Purpose |
| Re-Creation |
| Religious Forgiveness |
| jReligious Conversion |
| The Efficacy of Religious Counseling |
| The Broader Practical Implications of Religion and Coping |
| Expanding the Pool of Helpers |
| Health Care Professionals |
| Clergy |
| Self-Help, Lay Persons, and Mutual Support |
| Expanding the Targets of Help |
| Expanding the Time to Help |
| Bridging the Worlds of Psychology and Religion Through Resource Collaboration |
| APPENDICES |
| Appendix A |
| Appendix B: Predictions of Religous Coping |
| Appendix C: Summary of Research on the Relationship Between Measures of Religious Orientation and the Outcomes of Negative Events |
| Appendix D: Summary of Research on the Relationship between Religion Coping Methods and teh Outcomes of Negative Events |
| Appendix E: Summary of Studies of Religion as a Moderator and/or Deterrent of the Relationship between Stressors and Adjustment |
| Notes |
| Chapter Two |
| Chapter Three |
| Chapter Five |
| Chapter Seven |
| Chapter Eight |
| Chapter Nine |
| Chapter Ten |
| Chapter Eleven |
| References |
| Author Index |
| Subject Index |
