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by Michael A. Adams BSc PhD (Author), Nikolai Bogduk BSc(Med) MB BS MD PhD DSc DipAnat DipPainMed FAFRM FAFMM FFPM(ANZCA) (Author), Kim Burton OBE DO PhD Hon FFOM (Author), Patricia Dolan BSc PhD (Author)
دانلود رایگان کتاب The Biomechanics of Back Pain 3rd
برای اطمینان از کیفیت کتاب بیومکانیک کمردرد نسخه 3 ، چند صفحه ابتدایی ان بصورت رایگان قرار داده شده است. همانطور که در صفحات رایگان کتاب الکترونیکی آلرژی 2 مجموعه میدلتون: اصول و تمرین نسخه 9 مشخص است امکان هایلایت و کپی برداری ساده از متون و تصاویر موجود در کتاب می باشد.
دانلود کتاب The Biomechanics of Back Pain 3rd
Authored by experts of international renown, the new edition of The Biomechanics of Back Pain forms a bridge between the latest research and the effective clinical management of patients with back problems. Now published for the first time in full colour, this popular volume now has a bonus website which contains useful PowerPoint presentations, including seminars entitled Back Pain and Forces on the Spine as well as an overview of the Psychosocial Flags Framework.
The Biomechanics of Back Pain is essential for all clinicians involved in the care and treatment of patients with back pain, as well as for those studying its causes and methods of prevention.
“As more than half the content of this book is of direct relevance to OH professionals, I have no hesitation in recommending that it has a place on our bookshelves.” Reviewed by: John Challenor, Oxford Journals Clippings, Occupational Medicine, vol 64, no 7, Date: Oct 2014
Established authoritative text for clinicians, lecturers, researchers and those working in the medico-legal arena
Emphasizes the latest perspectives in research and shows how it is now leading to advances in clinical methodology
Provides an overview of the best original research – including more than 350 new references – to provide researchers with the latest and most important information relating to back pain
Contains over 150 full-colour line artworks and more than 60 photographs
Additional chapters devoted to Sensorimotor Control, and Cervical Spine Anatomy and Biomechanics
Includes more than 350 new references
Now published in full colour with improved page design and navigation
Bonus website containing useful PowerPoint presentations, which include seminars entitled Back Pain and Forces on the Spine as well as an overview of the Psychosocial Flags Framework
دانلود ایبوک بیومکانیک کمردرد نسخه 3
نسخه جدید کتابهای بیومکانیک کمردرد که توسط متخصصان مشهور بین المللی مشهور است ، پل ارتباطی بین آخرین تحقیقات و مدیریت بالینی مؤثر بیماران مبتلا به مشکلات کمر را تشکیل می دهد. این نسخه محبوب که اکنون برای اولین بار با رنگی کامل منتشر شده است ، دارای وب سایت جایزه ای است که شامل ارائه های مفیدی از پاورپوینت ، از جمله سمینارهایی با عنوان کمردرد و نیروهای در ستون فقرات و همچنین یک مرور کلی در چارچوب پرچم های روانی است.
بیومکانیک کمردرد برای کلیه پزشکان درگیر در مراقبت و معالجه بیماران مبتلا به کمردرد و همچنین برای کسانی که علل و روشهای پیشگیری از آن را مطالعه می کنند ضروری است.
“از آنجا که بیش از نیمی از محتوای این کتاب ارتباط مستقیمی با متخصصان OH دارد ، من دریغ نمی کنم توصیه کنم جایگاهی در قفسه های کتابهای ما بگذارد.” بررسی شده توسط: جان چلنور ، کلیپ جینگز ، مجله آکسفورد ، پزشکی حرفه ای ، سال 64 ، شماره 7 ، تاریخ: اکتبر 2014
متن معتبر برای پزشکان ، مدرسین ، محققان و کسانی که در حوزه پزشکی قانونی کار می کنند تأسیس شده است
آخرین دیدگاههای تحقیق را مورد تأکید قرار می دهد و نشان می دهد که چگونه اکنون منجر به پیشرفت در روش بالینی شده است
مروری بر بهترین تحقیقات اصلی – از جمله بیش از 350 مرجع جدید – برای ارائه جدیدترین و مهمترین اطلاعات مربوط به کمردرد به محققان
دارای بیش از 150 اثر هنری خطی کامل و بیش از 60 عکس است
فصل های اضافی اختصاص یافته به کنترل سنسوریموتور ، و آناتومی و بیومکانیک ستون فقرات گردن رحم
شامل بیش از 350 مرجع جدید است
اکنون به صورت کامل و با طراحی صفحه بهبود یافته و ناوبری منتشر شده است
وب سایت Bonus حاوی ارائه های مفید پاورپوینت ، که شامل سمینارهای تحت عنوان کمردرد و نیروهای در ستون فقرات و همچنین بررسی اجمالی چارچوب پرچم های روانی
فهرست مطالب کتاب The Biomechanics of Back Pain 3rd
Front cover The Biomechanics of Back Pain Copyright page Table of Contents Preface to the 3rd Edition Additional On-line Information 1 Introduction Mechanical loading and back pain Purpose of this book The authors Who should read this book? Introduction to individual chapters Biomechanical terms and concepts Force Mass Weight Stress Fluid Pressure (or hydrostatic pressure) Displacement Velocity Acceleration Strain Energy Momentum Bending moment Torque Stiffness and strength Damage Modulus Strain energy, hysteresis and toughness Creep Fatigue failure Cube-square law Biomechanics and aesthetics 2 The vertebral column and adjacent structures Design features Rigidity Separation Compression Mobility Intervertebral discs Microstructure Disc height The essential lumbar vertebral column Posterior elements The complete lumbar vertebral column Ligaments Zygapophyseal joints The sacrum Sacroiliac joint Thoracic spine Thoracic vertebral column Sternum Ribs Muscle surface Further reading 3 Muscles and fascia of the lumbar spine Intersegmental muscles Anterolateral muscles Psoas major Quadratus lumborum Posterior back muscles Multifidus Longissimus thoracis pars lumborum Iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum Longissimus thoracis pars thoracis Iliocostalis lumborum pars thoracis Erector spinae aponeurosis Forces and line of action Thoracolumbar fascia Abdominal muscles Latissimus dorsi Further reading 4 Nerves and blood supply to the lumbar spine Vertebral canal Spinal nerves Ventral rami Dorsal rami Innervation of the disc Blood vessels Nutrition of the disc Further reading 5 Back pain Experimental studies Red-flag disorders Ligament sprain Muscle sprain Muscle spasm Trigger points Iliac crest syndrome Segmental dysfunction Dural pain Spondylolysis Sacroiliac joint pain Zygapophyseal joint pain Discogenic pain Disc prolapse Vertebral body pain Synopsis 6 Epidemiology of back trouble Introduction Symptoms, pathology and disability Epidemiological terminology The nature of epidemiological evidence Symptoms Back pain and sciatica in adults Back pain in children The time course of back pain Care-seeking Pathology Intervertebral disc herniation and degeneration Other spinal pathology Disability Risk factors Genetic risk factors Individual risk factors Environmental (physical) risk factors Psychosocial influences Concluding remarks 7 Biology of spinal tissues Introduction Muscle Structure and composition Metabolism Bone Structure and composition Metabolism Hyaline (articular) cartilage Structure and composition Metabolism Tendon and ligament Structure and composition Metabolism Intervertebral discs Structure and composition Metabolism Biological compatibility of spinal tissues 8 Growth and ageing of the spine Introduction Prenatal development and growth Differentiation Embryological development Fetal development Postnatal growth Neonatal and infant growth Childhood and adolescence Age-related changes in the adult spine Muscles Vertebrae Hyaline cartilage Tendon and ligament Intervertebral discs Biochemical changes Histological changes Metabolic changes Functional changes Gross functional changes in the ageing spine 9 Forces acting on the thoracolumbar spine Compression, shear, bending and torsion Where do the forces come from? Gravity and inertial effects Muscles Fascia and ligaments Intra-abdominal pressure Use of lifting belts Compressive loading of the spine Measuring spinal compression Intradiscal pressure Spinal shrinkage Linked-segment and EMG-assisted models Direct EMG estimates of spinal loading Comparison between direct EMG and linked-segment model techniques Compressive loading in vivo Shear Bending Measuring spinal bending Spinal bending in vivo Bending moments on the spine during manual handling When do bending moments rise to high levels? Dangers of sustained and repeated bending Diurnal variations in bending moment Torsion 10 Mechanical function of the thoracolumbar spine Introduction Why is the spine curved? Movements of the lumbar spine Range of movement: radiographs, CT, MRI and implanted pins Range of movement: skin surface techniques Assessment of techniques Variations in lumbar mobility with age and gender Other influences on lumbar mobility Patterns of movement Centre of rotation Intersegmental movements Coupled movements Movements of the whole lumbar spine Spinal movements and spinal disorders Techniques used to investigate spinal function Mechanical testing of cadaveric tissues Load and loading rate Centre of rotation Effect of death on the spine’s mechanical properties Changes in the hours following death Effect of frozen storage on mechanical properties ‘Motion segment’ experiments Mathematical models Analytical models Finite element models Animal models Vertebrae Vertebral body Neural arch Zygapophyseal joints Articular surfaces Joint capsule Lubrication Spinal ligaments Interspinous and supraspinous ligaments Intertransverse ligament Ligamentum flavum Zygapophyseal joint capsular ligaments Posterior longitudinal ligament Anterior longitudinal ligament Iliolumbar ligaments Intervertebral discs Annulus fibrosus Tensile properties of the annulus How does collagen reinforce the annulus? Nucleus pulposus Cartilage endplates Stress distributions within intervertebral discs Compression of an intervertebral disc Bending of an intervertebral disc Axial rotation of an intervertebral disc Sacrum and sacroiliac joints Sacrum Sacroiliac joints Movements in vivo Movements in vitro Mechanical function 11 Mechanical damage to the thoracolumbar spine Introduction Damage, injury and fatigue failure Compression Resistance to compression Vertebral compression fracture The endplate is usually the spine’s ‘weak link’ in compression ‘Osteoporotic’ compression fractures of the vertebral body Compressive strength of thoracolumbar vertebrae Fatigue failure of the vertebral body Vibrations Internal disc disruption Activities which could injure the spine in compression Shear Resistance to shear Damage in shear Activities which could injure the spine in shear Torsion Centre of rotation Resistance to torsion Torsional damage Activities which could injure the spine in torsion Backwards bending Centre of rotation Resistance to backwards bending Damage in backwards bending Activities which could injure the spine in backwards bending Forward bending Centre of rotation Resistance to forward bending Damage in forward bending Rapid bending Slow and sustained bending Interactions between bending and compression Activities which could injure the spine in forward bending Lateral bending Bending and compression: disc prolapse Disc prolapse by sudden loading Disc prolapse by repetitive loading Consequences of disc prolapse Mechanical consequences Biological consequences Activities which could cause disc prolapse Segmental ‘instability’ Mechanical instability Excessive intersegmental movement Qualitatively abnormal intersegmental movement Abnormally low intersegmental resistance to small movements Discogenic causes of segmental instability Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis Spinal trauma Flexion distraction (’seat belt’) injuries Burst fractures of the vertebral body 12 Cervical spine biomechanics Introduction Gross anatomy Movements of the cervical spine Disc mechanics Strength of the cervical spine Resistance to bending Cervical spine trauma classification Whiplash What is whiplash? What is injured in whiplash? 13 Posture, creep and ‘functional pathology’ Introduction Posture and the lumbar spine Posture and lumbar curvature in the sagittal plane Posture and load-sharing in the lumbar spine Posture and the neural arch Posture and intervertebral disc mechanics Posture and intervertebral disc nutrition Posture and spinal nerve roots Posture and muscle action Postures involving lateral bending of the lumbar spine ‘Creep’ in spinal tissues Compressive ‘creep’ deformation of intervertebral discs Compressive ‘creep’ deformation of vertebrae Total time-dependent compressive deformations of the elderly spine Diurnal changes in human stature Diurnal changes in spinal mechanics Spinal ‘creep’ in flexion and extension ‘Good’ and ‘bad’ posture for the lumbar spine Sitting and standing Manual handling Postural advice for those with back pain 14 Sensorimotor control Introduction Asymmetrical muscle ACTIVITY Antagonistic muscle activity Flexion–relaxation Reflex control of spinal movements Factors that impair reflex control Creep Muscle fatigue Pain Consequences of impaired reflex control 15 Spinal degeneration Introduction Intervertebral disc degeneration What is disc degeneration? What causes disc degeneration? Precipitating causes of disc degeneration Time course of disc degeneration Underlying causes of disc degeneration Structural features of disc degeneration Annulus tears or fissures Disc prolapse Endplate damage Internal collapse of annulus Disc narrowing, radial bulging and vertebral osteophytes Other features of degenerated discs Functional changes in degenerated discs Are there two distinct routes to disc degeneration? Disc degeneration and pain Degenerated discs are often painful Nerve and blood vessel ingrowth in degenerated discs Pain sensitisation of nerve roots and intervertebral discs Inflammation and healing in the disc periphery Schmorl’s nodes and Modic changes Instability What is spinal instability? What causes spinal instability? Spinal instability and pain Vertebral body osteophytes Apophyseal joint osteoarthritis What is osteoarthritis? Involvement of the apophyseal joints What causes osteoarthritis? Osteoporosis and senile kyphosis Introduction What causes senile kyphosis? How can senile kyphosis be prevented and treated? Other disorders of vertebrae Stenosis Scoliosis Sacroiliac joint degeneration Back muscles 16 Preventing back pain Introduction Epidemiology revisited Prevention in low-back pain Outcomes and interventions Evidence Recommendations General population Physical exercise Information/education/training (back schools) Lumbar supports/back belts Mattresses Chairs Shoe insoles/correction of leg length discrepancies Manipulation Workers Physical exercise/physical activity Information/advice/instruction Back belts/lumbar supports Shoe inserts, shoe orthoses, shoe insoles, flooring and mats Physical ergonomics Organisational ergonomics Multidimensional interventions Modified work for return to work after sick leave due to LBP School age School-based interventions Modifiable risk factors Summary of the concepts of prevention in low-back pain Overarching messages from the guidelines Update Summary Postscript: practical advice 17 Conservative management of back pain Introduction Work as a health outcome A short history of back pain guidelines Primary care guidelines Occupational health guidelines European guidelines Diagnosis of acute non-specific low-back pain Treatment of acute non-specific low-back pain Chronic guidelines: overarching comments Diagnosis in chronic low-back pain Patient assessment Physical examination and case history Imaging Electromyography Prognostic factors Treatment of chronic low-back pain Conservative treatments Pharmacological treatments Invasive treatments Rehabilitation for the management of low-back pain Obstacles to recovery/return to work Biological obstacles Personal/psychological obstacles Thoughts Feelings Behaviours Employee Workplace Context obstacles Biopsychosocial interactions Clinical management Restoration of function An occupational focus Stepped care Occupational management Modified work Health at work Summary Cultural shifts in the management of low-back pain1512 Cultural interventions Novel non-surgical therapies for back disorders Promoting intervertebral disc healing New injection therapies for back pain and sciatica Regenerative medicine Other Summary Practical advice for preventing back problems Practical advice for coping with back pain 18 Biomechanics rationale for spinal surgery Introduction Resection Resection Disc replacement 19 Surgery for disc prolapse, spinal stenosis and back pain Introduction Disc prolapse Cauda equina syndrome Lumbar spinal stenosis Spondylolysis Spondylolisthesis Facet joint pain Discogenic low-back pain Intradiscal electrothermal therapy Total disc replacement Low-friction total disc replacement Compliant total disc replacement Dynamic stabilisation Spinal fusion Posterolateral fusion Instrumented posterolateral fusion Posterior lumbar interbody fusion Anterior lumbar interbody fusion Combined anterior and posterior fusion Interbody cage devices Does spinal fusion reduce discogenic back pain? Which type of spinal fusion? Summary 20 Medicolegal considerations Introduction Background issues Epidemiology Underlying and precipitating causes of back disorders All backs are more or less vulnerable to injury Mechanisms of injury and fatigue failure Can mechanical loading cause a normal disc to prolapse? Retrospective analyses of spinal loading How strong is the back? Relating spinal loading to pathology and pain Summary 21 Summary and conclusions Introduction Structure and function of the back What does what? Motor control Some backs are more vulnerable than others Genetic inheritance predisposes to injury and degeneration Ageing contributes to tissue vulnerability Loading history Medicolegal significance Back injuries Forces acting on the spine Epidemiological evidence Injury mechanisms Healing of back injuries Muscle Tendons and ligaments Bone Articular cartilage and intervertebral discs Ageing and degeneration of the spine Development and growth Ageing Intervertebral disc degeneration Spine ‘degenerative cascade’ Apophyseal joint osteoarthritis Segmental ‘instability’ Osteophytosis Spinal stenosis Osteoporosis and senile kyphosis Back pain Pain from disrupted tissues Muscles Vertebrae Zygapophyseal joints Sacroiliac joints Intervertebral discs Neurogenic pain ‘Functional’ pain Psychosocial factors influence pain behaviour Current and future treatment options Manual therapy Surgery Drugs Regenerative medicine Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) Exercise Other Concluding remarks References Index