دانلود گزارش Wet Process Phosphoric Acid از Process Economics Program Report 8C

CONTENTS
1
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
2
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
………
3
………
4
………
4
………
5
Production, Prices, and Raw Materials …
Phosphoric Acid Processes ………
Technology …………….
Economics …………….
Purification of Wet Process Phosphoric Acid
to Industrial Grade …………
Technology …………….
Economics …………….
Uranium Recovery from Wet Process Phosphoric
Technology …………….
Economics …………….
………
7
………
7
0
Acid
……………
1;
………
10
………
11
3
INDUSTRY STATUS …………………..
15
Phosphoric Acid Production ………………
15
Phosphoric Acid Price ………………..
19
Raw Material Prices …………………
19
Sulfur ………………………
19
Phosphate Rock …………………..
27
Declining Quality of Florida Rock …………..
29
4
PROCESS CHEMISTRY AND ENERGY ……………..
31
Phosphate Rock Dissolution ………………
31
Liquid Membrane Process for Uranium Extraction ……..
33
Energy Conservation in Wet Process Phosphoric
Acid Manufacture …………………..
34
5
WET PROCESS PHOSPHORIC ACID ……………..
37
Recent Developments …………………
39
Dihydrate Processes ………………..
39
Hemihydrate/Dihydrate Processes …………..
42
Hemihydrate Processes ……………….
50
Dihydrate Process ………………….
60
Process Description ………………..
60
Process Discussion …………………
64
Cost Estimates …………………..
64
iii
CONTENTS
5
WET PROCESS PHOSPHORIC ACID (continued)
Hemihydrate/Dihydrate Process …………….
Process Description
……………….
Process Discussion ………………..
77
Cost Estimates ………………….
78
Hemihydrate Process …………………
86
Process Description ………………..
86
Process Discussion ………………..
90
Cost Estimates ………………….
90
Discussion of Wet Process Phosphoric Acid Costs …….
98
Conclusion …………………….
100
6
PHOSPHORIC ACID PURIFICATION …………….
103
Purification Technology ……………….
104
Solvent Extraction Methods …………….
104
Chemical and Physical Methods ……………
119
Process Description …………………
128
Process Discussion …………………
133
Cost Estimates …………………..
133
Capital Costs …………………..
133
Production Costs …………………
134
Discussion of Costs ………………..
135
7
RECOVERY OF URANIUM FROM WET PROCESS PHOSPHORIC ACID ….
145
Technology …………………….
146
Patents….’………………
; ….
152
Process Description …………………
160
Process Discussion …………………
165
Cost Estimates …………………..
166
Capital Costs
………………….
166
Production Costs …………………
166
Discussion of Costs ………………..
167
8
RECOVERY OF OTHER METALS FROM PHOSPHATE ROCK ……..
175
Vanadium ……………………..
177
Rare Earths …………………….
178
Conclusions …….
; ……………..
178
iv
CONTENTS
APPENDIX A
DESIGN AND COST BASIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
179
APPENDIX B
PHYSICAL AND THERMAL DATA . . . . . . . . . . . .
183
APPENDIX C
ANALYSIS AND SPECIFICATIONS ………..
187
APPENDIX D
CORROSION, WASTE DISPOSAL, AND POLLUTION
CONTROL …………………
189
CITED REFERENCES
……………………
195
PATENT REFERENCES ……………………
207
V
ILLUSTRATIONS
3.1
World Production of Phosphoric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
3.2
Phosphoric Acid Price History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
4.1
Effect of Reaction Conditions on
Crystal Form of Calcium Sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
5.1
Occidental Chemical’s Hemihydrate Process . . . . . . . . .
53
5.2
Wet Process Phosphoric Acid by the Dihydrate System
Flow Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
211
5.3
Wet Process Acid by the Dihydrate System
Estimated Capital Investment as a Function of
Plant Design Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
5. 4
Wet Process Phosphoric Acid by the Dihydrate System
Value of Product P2O5 as a Function of Plant
Design Capacity, Stream Factor, and Phosphate Rock
and Sulfuric Acid Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
5.5
Wet Process Phosphoric Acid
by the Hemihydrate/Dihydrate System
Flow Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
213
5.6
Wet Process Phosphoric Acid by the Hemihydrate/
Dihydrate System
Estimated Capital Investment as a Function of
Plant Design Capacity and Value of Product P205
at Various Capacities and Stream Factors . . . . . . . . .
85
5.7
Wet Process Phosphoric Acid by the Hemihydrate System
Flow Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
217
5.8
Wet Process Phosphoric Acid by the Hemihydrate System
Estimated Capital Investment as a Function of
Plant Design Capacity and the P2O5 Product Value
at Various Capacities and Stream Factors . . . . . . . . .
97
5.9
Value of Uet Process Phosphoric Acid by Dihydrate,
Hemihydrate, and Hemihydrate/Dihydrate Systems
Value of Product P205 as a Function of Steam Value . . . .
101
6.1
Flow Diagram and Performance Data for
Solvent Extraction of Phosphoric Acid . . . . . . . . . . .
106
Vii
ILLUSTRATIONS
6.2
Purification of Wet Process Phosphoric Acid
By Solvent Extraction
Flow Sheet…………………….
219
7.1
Processes to Recover Uranium
from Wet Process Phosphoric Acid
Flow Sheet…………………….
221
7.2
Recovery of Uranium from Wet Process Phosphoric Acid
Flow Sheet…………………….
223
7.3
Recovery of Uranium from Wet Process Phosphoric Acid
Product Value and Net Production Cost
as a Function of Plant Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
174
B.l
Phosphorus Pentoxide Recoveries at 25-35OC as a
Function of the Solvent/Acid Volume Ratio and
the Number of Extraction Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
184
B.2
Uranium Extraction Coefficients for DEPA/TOPO Agents
in n-Dodecane as a Function of Temperature . . . . . . . . .
185
B.3
Uranium Extraction Coefficients at 25’C for DEPA/TOPO
Agents in n-Dodecane as a Function of TOP0
Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
186