دانلود حل المسائل کتاب Biological Psychology حل المسائل کتاب روانشناسی زیستی 978-1337408202-----9781337408202
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دانلود حل المسائل کتاب Biological Psychology حل المسائل کتاب روانشناسی زیستی 978-1337408202—–9781337408202
Biological Psychology 13th Edition by James W. Kalat (Author)
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دانلود حل المسائل کتاب Biological Psychology
The most widely used text in its course area, James W. Kalat’s BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY has appealed to thousands of students before you. Why? Kalat’s main goal is to make Biological Psychology understandable to Psychology students, not just to Biology majors and pre meds–and he delivers. Another goal is to convey the excitement of the search for biological explanations of behavior. Kalat believes that Biological Psychology is “the most interesting topic in the world,” and this text convinces many students–and maybe you, too–with clear writing, amusing anecdotes and intriguing examples. MindTap, an interactive online learning resource that integrates the text with videos, animations and a virtual bio-lab component, makes learning even easier and more enjoyable.
پرکاربردترین متن در حوزه درس خود، روانشناسی زیستی جیمز دبلیو. کالات، هزاران دانش آموز را قبل از شما جذاب کرده است. چرا؟ هدف اصلی Kalat این است که روانشناسی زیستی را برای دانشجویان روانشناسی قابل درک کند، نه فقط برای رشته های زیست شناسی و پیش پزشکی – و او ارائه می دهد. هدف دیگر انتقال هیجان ناشی از جستجوی توضیحات بیولوژیکی رفتار است. کلات معتقد است که روانشناسی زیستی “جالب ترین موضوع در جهان” است و این متن با نوشتن واضح، حکایات سرگرم کننده و مثال های جذاب بسیاری از دانشجویان – و شاید شما را نیز متقاعد می کند. MindTap، یک منبع یادگیری آنلاین تعاملی است که متن را با فیلم‌ها، انیمیشن‌ها و یک جزء آزمایشگاهی مجازی ادغام می‌کند، یادگیری را حتی آسان‌تر و لذت‌بخش‌تر می‌کند.
فهرست مطالب حل المسائل کتاب Biological Psychology
COVER PAGE TITLE PAGE COPYRIGHT PAGE ABOUT THE AUTHOR DEDICATION PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION: OVERVIEW AND MAJOR ISSUESI-1. The Biological Approach to BehaviorI-1a. The Field of Biological Psychology I-1b. Three Main Points to Remember from This Book I-2. Biological Explanations of Behavior I-3. Career Opportunities I-4. The Use of Animals in ResearchI-4a. Degrees of Opposition I-5a. Your Brain and Your Experience I-5b. Summary I-5c. Key Terms I-5d. Thought Question I-5e. End of Introduction Quiz I-5f. Suggestions for Further Reading 1. NERVE CELLS AND NERVE IMPULSESModule 1.1. The Cells of the Nervous SystemNeurons and GliaSantiago Ramón y Cajal, a Pioneer of Neuroscience The Structures of an Animal Cell The Structure of a Neuron Variations among Neurons Glia The Blood–Brain BarrierWhy We Need a Blood–Brain Barrier How the Blood–Brain Barrier Works Nourishment of Vertebrate Neurons Neurons Summary Key Terms Thought Question Module 1.1 End of Module Quiz Module 1.2. The Nerve ImpulseThe Resting Potential of the NeuronForces Acting on Sodium and Potassium Ions Why a Resting Potential? The Action PotentialThe All-or-None Law The Molecular Basis of the Action Potential Propagation of the Action Potential The Myelin Sheath and Saltatory ConductionThe Refractory Period Local Neurons Neurons and Messages Summary Key Terms Thought Questions Module 1.2 End of Module Quiz Suggestion for Further Reading 2. SYNAPSESModule 2.1. The Concept of the SynapseProperties of SynapsesSpeed of a Reflex and Delayed Transmission at the Synapse Temporal Summation Spatial Summation Inhibitory Synapses Relationship among EPSP, IPSP, and Action Potentials The Neuron as Decision Maker Summary Key Terms Thought Questions Module 2.1 End of Module Quiz Module 2.2. Chemical Events at the SynapseThe Discovery of Chemical Transmission at Synapses The Sequence of Chemical Events at a SynapseTypes of Neurotransmitters Synthesis of Transmitters Storage of Transmitters Release and Diffusion of Transmitters Activating Receptors of the Postsynaptic Cell Ionotropic Effects Metabotropic Effects and Second Messenger Systems Neuropeptides Variation in Receptors Drugs That Act by Binding to Receptors Inactivation and Reuptake of Neurotransmitters Negative Feedback from the Postsynaptic Cell Electrical Synapses Hormones Neurotransmitters and Behavior Summary Key Terms Thought Questions Module 2.2 End of Module Quiz Suggestion for Further Reading 3. ANATOMY AND RESEARCH METHODSModule 3.1. Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous SystemTerminology to Describe the Nervous System The Spinal Cord The Autonomic Nervous System The Hindbrain The Midbrain The ForebrainThalamus Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Basal Ganglia Basal Forebrain Hippocampus The Ventricles Learning Neuroanatomy Summary Key Terms Thought Question Module 3.1 End of Module Quiz Module 3.2. The Cerebral CortexOrganization of the Cerebral Cortex The Occipital Lobe The Parietal Lobe The Temporal Lobe The Frontal LobeThe Rise and Fall of Prefrontal Lobotomies Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex How Do the Parts Work Together? Functions of the Cerebral Cortex Summary Key Terms Thought Question Module 3.2 End of Module Quiz Module 3.3. Research MethodsEffects of Brain Damage Effects of Brain Stimulation Recording Brain Activity Correlating Brain Anatomy with Behavior Research Methods and Progress Summary Key Terms Thought Question Module 3.3 End of Module Quiz Suggestions for Further Reading 4. GENETICS, EVOLUTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND PLASTICITYModule 4.1. Genetics and Evolution of BehaviorMendelian GeneticsSex-Linked and Sex-Limited Genes Genetic Changes Epigenetics Heredity and EnvironmentEnvironmental Modification How Genes Influence Behavior The Evolution of BehaviorCommon Misunderstandings about Evolution Evolutionary Psychology Genes and Behavior Summary Key Terms Thought Questions Module 4.1 End of Module Quiz Module 4.2. Development of the BrainMaturation of the Vertebrate BrainGrowth and Development of Neurons New Neurons Later in Life Pathfinding by AxonsChemical Pathfinding by Axons Competition among Axons as a General Principle Determinants of Neuronal Survival The Vulnerable Developing Brain Differentiation of the Cortex Fine-Tuning by ExperienceExperience and Dendritic Branching Effects of Special Experiences Brain Development and Behavioral DevelopmentAdolescence Old Age Brain Development Summary Key Terms Thought Question Module 4.2 End of Module Quiz Module 4.3. Plasticity after Brain DamageBrain Damage and Short-Term RecoveryReducing the Harm from a Stroke Later Mechanisms of RecoveryIncreased Brain Stimulation Regrowth of Axons Axon Sprouting Denervation Supersensitivity Reorganized Sensory Representations and the Phantom Limb Learned Adjustments in Behavior Brain Damage and Recovery Summary Key Terms Thought Questions Module 4.3 End of Module Quiz Suggestions for Further Reading 5. VISIONModule 5.1. Visual CodingGeneral Principles of Perception The Eye and Its Connections to the BrainRoute within the Retina Fovea and Periphery of the Retina Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones Color VisionThe Trichromatic (Young-Helmholtz) Theory The Opponent-Process Theory The Retinex Theory Color Vision Deficiency Visual Receptors Summary Key Terms Thought Question Module 5.1 End of Module Quiz Module 5.2. How the Brain Processes Visual InformationAn Overview of the Mammalian Visual System Processing in the Retina Further Processing The Primary Visual CortexSimple and Complex Receptive Fields The Columnar Organization of the Visual Cortex Are Visual Cortex Cells Feature Detectors? Development of the Visual CortexDeprived Experience in One Eye Deprived Experience in both Eyes Uncorrelated Stimulation in the Two Eyes Early Exposure to a Limited Array of Patterns Impaired Infant Vision and Long-Term Consequences Understanding Vision by Understanding the Wiring Diagram Summary Key Terms Thought Questions Module 5.2 End of Module Quiz Module 5.3. Parallel Processing in the Visual CortexThe Ventral and Dorsal Paths Detailed Analysis of ShapeThe Inferior Temporal Cortex Recognizing Faces Motion PerceptionThe Middle Temporal Cortex Motion Blindness Aspects of Vision Summary Key Terms Thought Questions Module 5.3 End of Module Quiz Suggestions for Further Reading 6. OTHER SENSORY SYSTEMSModule 6.1. AuditionSound and the EarPhysics and Psychology of Sound Structures of the Ear Pitch Perception The Auditory Cortex Sound Localization Individual DifferencesDeafness Hearing, Attention, and Old Age Functions of Hearing Summary Key Terms Thought Questions Module 6.1 End of Module Quiz Module 6.2. The Mechanical SensesVestibular Sensation SomatosensationSomatosensory Receptors Tickle Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System PainStimuli and Spinal Cord Paths Emotional Pain Ways of Relieving Pain Sensitization of Pain Itch The Mechanical Senses Summary Key Terms Thought Question Module 6.2 End of Module Quiz Module 6.3. The Chemical SensesTasteTaste Receptors How Many Kinds of Taste Receptors? Mechanisms of Taste Receptors Taste Coding in the Brain Variations in Taste Sensitivity OlfactionOlfactory Receptors Implications for Coding Messages to the Brain Individual Differences Pheromones Synesthesia Senses as Ways of Knowing the World Summary Key Terms Thought Question Module 6.3 End of Module Quiz Suggestions for Further Reading 7. MOVEMENTModule 7.1. The Control of MovementMuscles and Their MovementsFast and Slow Muscles Muscle Control by Proprioceptors Units of MovementVoluntary and Involuntary Movements Movements Varying in Sensitivity to Feedback Sequences of Behaviors Categories of Movement Summary Key Terms Thought Question Module 7.1 End of Module Quiz Module 7.2. Brain Mechanisms of MovementThe Cerebral CortexPlanning a Movement Inhibiting a Movement Mirror Neurons Connections from the Brain to the Spinal Cord The CerebellumFunctions Other than Movement Cellular Organization The Basal Ganglia Brain Areas and Motor Learning Conscious Decisions and Movement Movement Control and Cognition Summary Key Terms Thought Question Module 7.2 End of Module Quiz Module 7.3. Movement DisordersParkinson’s DiseaseCauses L-Dopa Treatment Other Therapies Huntington’s DiseaseHeredity and Presymptomatic Testing Movement Disorders Affect More than Movement Summary Key Terms Thought Question Module 7.3 End of Module Quiz Suggestions for Further Reading 8. WAKEFULNESS AND SLEEPModule 8.1. Rhythms of Waking and SleepingEndogenous Rhythms Setting and Resetting the Biological ClockJet Lag Shift Work Morning People and Evening People Mechanisms of the Biological ClockThe Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) How Light Resets the SCN The Biochemistry of the Circadian Rhythm Melatonin Sleep–Wake Cycles Summary Key Terms Thought Question Module 8.1 End of Module Quiz Module 8.2. Stages of Sleep and Brain MechanismsSleep and Other Interruptions of Consciousness The Stages of Sleep Paradoxical or REM Sleep Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness, Arousal, and SleepBrain Structures of Arousal and Attention Sleep and the Inhibition of Brain Activity Brain Activity in REM Sleep Sleep DisordersSleep Apnea Narcolepsy Periodic Limb Movement Disorder REM Behavior Disorder Night Terrors and Sleepwalking Stages of Sleep Summary Key Terms Thought Question Module 8.2 End of Module Quiz Module 8.3. Why Sleep? Why REM? Why Dreams?Functions of SleepSleep and Energy Conservation Analogous to Sleep: Hibernation Species Differences in Sleep Sleep and Memory Functions of REM Sleep Biological Perspectives on DreamingThe Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis The Neurocognitive Hypothesis Our Limited Self-Understanding Summary Key Terms Thought Question Module 8.3 End of Module Quiz Suggestions for Further Reading 9. INTERNAL REGULATIONModule 9.1. Temperature RegulationHomeostasis and Allostasis Controlling Body TemperatureSurviving in Extreme Cold The Advantages of Constant High Body Temperature Brain Mechanisms Fever Combining Physiological and Behavioral Mechanisms Summary Key Terms Thought Question Module 9.1 End of Module Quiz Module 9.2. ThirstMechanisms of Water Regulation Osmotic Thirst Hypovolemic Thirst and Sodium-Specific Hunger The Psychology and Biology of Thirst Summary Key Terms Thought Questions Module 9.2 End of Module Quiz Module 9.3. HungerDigestion and Food SelectionConsumption of Dairy Products Food Selection and Behavior Short- and Long-Term Regulation of FeedingOral Factors The Stomach and Intestines Glucose, Insulin, and Glucagon Leptin Brain MechanismsThe Arcuate Nucleus and Paraventricular Hypothalamus The Lateral Hypothalamus Medial Areas of the Hypothalamus Eating DisordersGenetics and Body Weight Weight Loss Techniques Bulimia Nervosa Anorexia Nervosa The Multiple Controls of Hunger Summary Key Terms Thought Question Module 9.3 End of Module Quiz Suggestions for Further Reading 10. REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIORSModule 10.1. Sex and HormonesOrganizing Effects of Sex HormonesSex Differences in the Brain Sex Differences in Play Activating Effects of Sex HormonesMales Females Effects of Sex Hormones on Nonsexual Characteristics Parental Behavior Reproductive Behaviors and Motivations Summary Key Terms Thought Questions Module 10.1 End of Module Quiz Module 10.2. Variations in Sexual BehaviorEvolutionary Interpretations of Mating BehaviorInterest in Multiple Mates What Men and Women Seek in a Mate Differences in Jealousy Evolved or Learned? Gender Identity and Gender-Differentiated BehaviorsIntersexes Interests and Preferences of Girls with CAH Testicular Feminization Issues of Gender Assignment and Rearing Discrepancies of Sexual Appearance Sexual OrientationBehavioral and Anatomical Differences Genetics An Evolutionary Question Prenatal Influences Brain Anatomy We Are Not All the Same Summary Key Terms Thought Questions Module 10.2 End of Module Quiz Suggestions for Further Reading 11. EMOTIONAL BEHAVIORSModule 11.1. What is Emotion?Emotions and Autonomic ArousalIs Physiological Arousal Necessary for Emotional Feelings? Is Physiological Arousal Sufficient for Emotions? Is Emotion a Useful Concept? Do People Have a Few Basic Emotions? The Functions of EmotionEmotions and Moral Decisions Emotions and the Nervous System Summary Key Terms Thought Question Module 11.1 End of Module Quiz Module 11.2. Attack and Escape BehaviorsAttack BehaviorsHeredity and Environment in Violence Hormonal Effects Serotonin Synapses and Aggressive Behavior Testosterone, Serotonin, and Cortisol Fear and AnxietyRole of the Amygdala in Rodents Studies of the Amygdala in Monkeys Response of the Human Amygdala to Visual Stimuli Individual Differences in Amygdala Response and Anxiety Damage to the Human Amygdala Anxiety Disorders Relief from AnxietyPharmacological Relief Alcohol and Anxiety Doing Something about Emotions Summary Key Terms Thought Questions Module 11.2 End of Module Quiz Module 11.3. Stress and HealthStress and the General Adaptation Syndrome Stress and the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Cortex AxisThe Immune System Effects of Stress on the Immune System Coping with Stress Emotions and Body Reactions Summary Key Terms Thought Question Module 11.3 End of Module Quiz Suggestions for Further Reading 12. LEARNING, MEMORY, AND INTELLIGENCEModule 12.1. Learning, Memory, and Memory LossLocalized Representations of MemoryLashley’s Search for the Engram The Modern Search for the Engram Types of MemoryShort-Term and Long-Term Memory Our Changing Views of Consolidation Working Memory Memory LossKorsakoff’s Syndrome Alzheimer’s Disease Infant Amnesia Memory and Forgetting Summary Key Terms Thought Question Module 12.1 End of Module Quiz Module 12.2. The Hippocampus and the StriatumMemory Loss after Damage to the HippocampusAnterograde and Retrograde Amnesia Theories of the Function of the Hippocampus Navigation The Striatum Other Brain Areas and Memory Brain Damage and Memory Summary Key Terms Thought Question Module 12.2 End of Module Quiz Module 12.3. Storing Information in the Nervous SystemBlind Alleys and Abandoned Mines Learning and the Hebbian Synapse Single-Cell Mechanisms of Invertebrate Behavior ChangeAplysia as an Experimental Animal Habituation in Aplysia Sensitization in Aplysia Long-Term Potentiation in VertebratesBiochemical Mechanisms Improving Memory The Physiology of Memory Summary Key Terms Thought Questions Module 12.3 End of Module Quiz Module 12.4. IntelligenceBrain Size and IntelligenceComparing Species Human Data Genetics and Intelligence Brain Evolution Why Are We so Intelligent? Summary Key Terms Thought Question Module 12.4 End of Module Quiz Suggestions for Further Reading 13. COGNITIVE FUNCTIONSModule 13.1. Lateralization and LanguageThe Left and Right HemispheresAnatomical Differences between the Hemispheres Visual and Auditory Connections to the Hemispheres The Corpus Callosum and the Split-Brain OperationSplit Hemispheres: Competition and Cooperation The Right Hemisphere Avoiding Overstatements Evolution of LanguageChimpanzees Bonobos Nonprimates How Did Humans Evolve Language?Is Language a By-Product of Intelligence? Language as a Specialization A Sensitive Period for Language Learning Brain Damage and LanguageBroca’s Aphasia (Nonfluent Aphasia) Wernicke’s Aphasia (Fluent Aphasia) Dyslexia Language and the Brain Summary Key Terms Thought Questions Module 13.1 End of Module Quiz Module 13.2. Conscious and Unconscious ProcessesThe Mind–Brain Relationship Consciousness of a StimulusExperiments Using Masking Experiments Using Binocular Rivalry The Fate of an Unattended Stimulus Consciousness as a Threshold Phenomenon The Timing of Consciousness Conscious and Unconscious People AttentionBrain Areas Controlling Attention Spatial Neglect Attending to Attention and Being Conscious of Consciousness Summary Key Terms Thought Questions Module 13.2 End of Module Quiz Module 13.3. Making Decisions and Social NeurosciencePerceptual Decisions Decisions Based on Values The Biology of Love Empathy and Altruism Biology of Decisions and Social Behavior Summary Key Terms Thought Questions Module 13.3 End of Module Quiz Suggestions for Further Reading 14. PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERSModule 14.1. Substance AbuseDrug Mechanisms PredispositionsGenetic Influences Environmental Influences Behavioral Predictors of Abuse Synaptic MechanismsThe Role of Dopamine Cravings Tolerance and Withdrawal TreatmentsMedications to Combat Alcohol Abuse Medications to Combat Opiate Abuse The Psychology and Biology of Substance Abuse Summary Key Terms Thought Question Module 14.1 End of Module Quiz Module 14.2. Mood DisordersMajor Depressive DisorderGenetics Abnormalities of Hemispheric Dominance Antidepressant DrugsTypes of Antidepressants How Are Antidepressants Effective? How Effective Are Antidepressants? Alternatives to Antidepressant Drugs Exercise and Diet Bipolar DisorderTreatments The Biology of Mood Swings Summary Key Terms Thought Questions Module 14.2 End of Module Quiz Module 14.3. SchizophreniaDiagnosisDifferential Diagnosis of Schizophrenia Demographic Data GeneticsFamily Studies Adopted Children Who Develop Schizophrenia Efforts to Locate a Gene The Neurodevelopmental HypothesisPrenatal and Neonatal Environment Mild Brain Abnormalities Long-Term Course Early Development and Later Psychopathology TreatmentsAntipsychotic Drugs and Dopamine Second-Generation Antipsychotic Drugs Role of Glutamate Many Remaining Mysteries Summary Key Terms Thought Question Module 14.3 End of Module Quiz Module 14.4. Autism Spectrum DisordersSymptoms and Characteristics Genetics and Other Causes Treatments Development and Disorders Summary Key Terms Thought Question Module 14.4 End of Module Quiz Suggestions for Further Reading APPENDIX A. BRIEF, BASIC CHEMISTRY APPENDIX B. SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE POLICIES ON THE USE OF ANIMALS AND HUMAN SUBJECTS IN RESEARCH REFERENCES
