دانلود ایبوک اورجینال The John Zink Combustion Handbook

فهرست مطالب کتاب The John Zink Combustion Handbook

Introduction
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The hydrocarbon and petrochemical industries present unique challenges to the combustion engineer, compared to other industrial combustion processes. One of the more important challenges in these industries is the wide variety of fuels, which are usually off-gases from the petroleum refining

processes that are used in a typical plant (see Figure 1.1). This differs significantly from most other industrial combustion systems that normally fire a single purchased fuel such as natural gas or fuel oil. Another important challenge is that many of the burners commonly used in the hydrocarbon and petrochemical industries are natural draft, where the buoyant combustion exhaust products create a draft that induces the combustion air to enter the burners. This is different from nearly all other industrial combustion processes, which utilize a combustion air blower to supply the air used for combustion in the burner. Natural draft burners are not as easy to control as forced draft burners, and are subject to things like the wind, which can disturb the conditions in a process heater.
chapter 2 | 36 pages
Fundamentals
By Joseph Colannino and Charles E. Baukal, Jr.
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In the process industries, combustion powers gas turbines, process heaters, reactors, and boilers. The burner combusts fuel and generates products of combustion and heat. A firebox contains the flame envelope. The fire heats water in the tubes to boiling. The steam rises to a steam drum that separates the liquid and vapor phases, returning water to the tubes and passing steam. The steam may be further heated in a superheater. Superheaters raise the temperature of the steam above the boiling point, using either radiant and/or convective heat transfer mechanisms.
chapter 3 | 47 pages
Heat Transfer
By Prem Singh, Michael Henneke, Jaiwant D. Jayakaran, Robert Hayes, and Charles E. Baukal, Jr.
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Heat transfer is one of the fundamental purposes of combustion in the process industries. The objective of many industrial combustion applications is to transfer energy, in the form of heat, to some type of load for thermal processing of that load.

chapter 4 | 39 pages

Fundamentals of Fluid Dynamics
By Lawrence D. Berg, Wes Bussman, and Michael Henneke
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The study of fluid dynamics likely dates back to ancient times when early man hunted to keep himself alive. It is easy to imagine that he quickly discovered he could throw a streamlined spear much further than a blunt rock. Perhaps he also noticed that his horse ran a little faster if he ducked his head into the wake of the horse’s neck. Through the course of scientific development, observations such as these, and countless others, have become a rigorous science.
chapter 5 | 32 pages
Fuels
By Terry Dark, John Ackland, and Jeff White

The term “gaseous fuel” refers to any combustible fuel that exists in the gaseous state under normal temperatures and pressures. Gaseous fuels are typically composed of a wide range of chemical compounds. Low boiling point hydrocarbons (both paraffins and olefins), hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and inert gases (nitrogen and carbon dioxide) are among the many chemical constituents of common gaseous fuels. The purpose of this section is to introduce many of the common fuel gas mixtures used as fuel in the hydrocarbon and petrochemical industries. Commonly occurring waste gas mixtures in flare systems are also described.
chapter 6 | 34 pages
Pollutant Emissions
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The purpose of this chapter is to alert the interested reader to the potential effects on pollutant emissions of the combustion processes in the petrochemical and hydrocarbon industries. There continues to be increasing interest in reducing pollutant emissions of all types from all combustion processes. One prognosticator predicts this will continue well into the future.

chapter 7 | 28 pages

Noise
By Jaiwant D. Jayakaran, Wes Bussman
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Noise is a common by-product of our mechanized civilization and is an insidious danger in industrial environments. Noise pollution is usually a local problem and thus is not viewed on the same scale of importance as the more notorious industrial emissions like NOx, CO, and particulates. Nonetheless, it is an environmental pollutant that has significant impact.
chapter 8 | 35 pages
Mathematical Modeling of Combustion Systems
By Lawrence D. Berg, Wes Bussman, Jianhui Hong, Michael Henneke, I-Ping Chung, and Joseph D. Smith
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Over the course of time, the analytical modeling of combustion processes has become increasingly more important. This trend is a result of two simultaneous events: (1) the proliferation of powerful computers and (2) the development of a greater fundamental understanding of the underlying processes. The combination of these events has provided engineers with opportunities to model and understand physical processes in much greater detail than previously possible. This chapter highlights some of the applications developed and utilized at the John Zink Company. Some applications are straightforward extensions of previous techniques, while others are completely novel. The authors’ purpose is to demonstrate how the practicing engineer can combine fundamental knowledge and computational methods to analyze combustion equipment and processes.

chapter 9 | 40 pages

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Based Combustion Modeling
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This concept has been used by companies and countries to control markets and economies. Changes to the rules are generally caused by significant technological advances. The invention of the telescope, the microscope, and the atom smasher are all examples of such paradigm shifting technological advances. Development of, and increased access to, supercomputers represents a significant advance that has opened new scientific frontiers and again changed the rules.
chapter 10 | 24 pages
Combustion Safety
By Terry Dark and Charles E. Baukal, Jr.
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Fires and explosions are a major concern in hydrocarbon and petrochemical plants as the consequences can be very severe and very public because of the high volume of flammable liquids and gases handled in those plants.