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خرید کتاب Design of Concrete Structures: 2025 Release ISE , 17th Edition E-Book – PDF
Design of Concrete Structures IS
David Darwin
Publisher Published by McGraw-Hill Higher Education (International)
Copyright© 2026
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1264977395 · 9781264977390
By David Darwin, Charles W. Dolan
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For over a century, Design of Concrete Structures has been the authoritative source for the behavior of reinforced concrete structures and design approaches in accordance with the ACI 318 Building Code. The 2025 ACI Building Code contains over 100 important technical changes. These changes address development of reinforcement, higher strength reinforcement, column design, concrete breakout capacity, and shear capacity. The changes have profound and important impacts on the design of concrete structures.Design of Concrete Structures by Darwin and Dolan presents current concrete behavior theory and updated code-based design rules. The text and illustrated examples are essential for faculty members, students, and practitioners to understand current concrete design. New homework problems are included. The work serves as a current source for design and a career resource on the development of concrete design theory.
دانلود ایبوک طراحی سازه‌های بتنی نسخه بین‌المللی ويراست هفدهم (زبان اصلی) مولف داروین و دولان
برای بیش از یک قرن، کتاب «طراحی سازه‌های بتنی» منبع معتبری برای رفتار سازه‌های بتن مسلح و رویکردهای طراحی مطابق با آیین‌نامه ساختمانی ACI 318 بوده است. آیین‌نامه ساختمانی ACI 2025 شامل بیش از 100 تغییر فنی مهم است. این تغییرات به توسعه آرماتور، آرماتور با مقاومت بالاتر، طراحی ستون، ظرفیت شکست بتن و ظرفیت برشی می‌پردازد. این تغییرات تأثیرات عمیق و مهمی بر طراحی سازه‌های بتنی دارند. کتاب «طراحی سازه‌های بتنی» نوشته داروین و دولان، نظریه رفتار بتن فعلی و قوانین طراحی مبتنی بر آیین‌نامه به‌روز شده را ارائه می‌دهد. متن و مثال‌های مصور برای اعضای هیئت علمی، دانشجویان و متخصصان برای درک طراحی بتن فعلی ضروری است. مسائل جدید تکالیف درسی نیز گنجانده شده است. این اثر به عنوان یک منبع فعلی برای طراحی و یک منبع شغلی در زمینه توسعه نظریه طراحی بتن عمل می‌کند.
کتاب طراحی سازه‌های بتنی نسخه بین‌المللی 17 ام
فهرست مطالب ایبوک طراحی سازه‌های بتنی نسخه 17 بین‌المللی
Table of Contents
Table of Contents and Preface
Cover Page
Title Page
2025 Release
Copyright
About the Author
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Concrete, Reinforced Concrete, and Prestressed Concrete
1.1 Concrete, Reinforced Concrete, and Prestressed Concrete
1.2 Structural Forms
1.3 Loads
1.4 Serviceability, Strength, and Structural Safety
a. Variability of Loads
b. Strength
c. Structural Safety
1.5 Design Basis
1.6 Design Codes and Specifications
1.7 Safety Provisions of The Aci Code
1.8 Developing Factored Gravity Loads
1.9 Contract Documents and Inspection
References
Problems
Chapter 2: Materials
2.1 Introduction
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cement
2.3 Aggregates
2.4 Proportioning and Mixing Concrete
2.5 Conveying, Placing, Consolidating, and Curing
2.6 Quality Control
2.7 Admixtures
2.8 Properties in Compression
a. Short-Term Loading
b. Long-Term Loading
c. Fatigue
2.9 Properties in Tension
a. Tensile Strength
b. Tensile Fracture
2.10 Strength Under Combined Stress
2.11 Shrinkage and Temperature Effects
a. Shrinkage
b. Effect of Temperature Change
2.12 High-Strength Concrete
2.13 Reinforcing Steels for Concrete
2.14 Reinforcing Bars
a. Grades and Strengths
b. Bar Markings
c. Stress-Strain Curves
d. Fatigue Strength
e. Coated Reinforcing Bars
2.15 Welded Wire Reinforcement
2.16 Prestressing Steels
a. Grades and Strengths
b. Stress-Strain Curves
c. Relaxation
2.17 Fiber Reinforcement
References
Problems
Chapter 3: Design of Concrete Structures and Fundamental Assumptions
3.1 Introduction
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Members and Sections
3.3 Theory, Codes, and Practice
a. Theory
b. Codes
c. Practice
3.4 Fundamental Assumptions for Reinforced Concrete Behavior
3.5 Behavior of Members Subject to Axial Loads
a. Axial Compression
b. Axial Tension
3.6 Bending of Homogeneous Beams
References
Problems
Chapter 4: Flexural Analysis and Design of Beams
4.1 Introduction
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Reinforced Concrete Beam Behavior
a. Stresses Elastic and Section Uncracked
b. Stresses Elastic and Section Cracked
c. Flexural Strength
4.3 Design of Tension-Reinforced Rectangular Beams
a. Equivalent Rectangular Stress Distribution
b. Balanced Strain Condition
c. Underreinforced Beams
d. ACI Code Provisions for Underreinforced Beams
e. Minimum Reinforcement Ratio
f. Examples of Rectangular Beam Analysis and Design
g. Overreinforced Beams
4.4 Design Aids
4.5 Practical Considerations in The Design of Beams
a. Concrete Protection for Reinforcement
b. Concrete Section Proportions
c. Selection of Bars and Bar Spacing
4.6 Rectangular Beams with Tension and Compression Reinforcement
a. Tension and Compression Steel Both at Yield Stress
b. Compression Steel below Yield Stress
c. Examples of Analysis and Design of Beams with Tension and Compression Steel
d. Tensile Steel below the Yield Stress
4.7 T Beams
a. Effective Flange Width
b. Strength Analysis
c. Proportions of Cross Section
d. Examples of Analysis and Design of T Beams
References
Problems
Chapter 5: Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams
5.1 Introduction
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Diagonal Tension in Homogeneous Elastic Beams
5.3 Reinforced Concrete Beams without Shear Reinforcement
a. Criteria for Formation of Diagonal Cracks
b. Behavior of Diagonally Cracked Beams
5.4 Reinforced Concrete Beams with Web Reinforcement
a. Types of Web Reinforcement
b. Behavior of Web-Reinforced Concrete Beams
5.5 ACI Code Provisions for Shear Design
a. Shear Strength Provided by the Concrete
b. Minimum Web Reinforcement
c. Region in which Web Reinforcement is Required
d. Design of Web Reinforcement
5.6 Effect of Axial Forces
5.7 Beams with Varying Depth
5.8 Alternative Models for Shear Analysis and Design
a. Compression Field Theory
b. Design Provisions
5.9 Shear-Friction Design Method
References
Problems
Chapter 6: Bond, Anchorage, and Development Length
6.1 Fundamentals of Flexural Bond
6.1 Fundamentals Of Flexural Bond
6.2 Bond Strength and Development Length
a. Bond Strength
b. Development Length
c. Factors Influencing Development Length
6.3 ACI Code Provisions for Development of Tension Reinforcement
a. Equation for Development Length for Bars and Wires in Tension
b. Simplified Equations for Development Length
6.4 Anchorage of Tension Bars by Hooks
a. Standard Dimensions
b. Behavior of Hooked Bars
c. Development Length and Modification Factors for Hooked Bars
6.5 Anchorage in Tension Using Headed Bars
a. Requirements for Headed Bars
b. Behavior of Headed Bars
c. Development Length and Modification Factors for Headed Bars
d. Mechanical Anchorage
6.6 Anchorage Requirements for Web Reinforcement
6.7 Welded Wire Reinforcement
6.8 Development of Bars in Compression
6.9 Bundled Bars
6.10 Bar Cutoff and Bend Points in Beams
a. Theoretical Points of Cutoff or Bend
b. Practical Considerations and ACI Code Requirements
c. Special Requirements near the Point of Zero Moment
6.11 Structural Integrity Provisions
6.12 Integrated Beam Design Example
6.13 Bar Splices
a. Lap Splices in Tension
b. Compression Splices
c. Column Splices
d. Mechanical and Welded Splices
References
Problems
Chapter 7: Serviceability
7.1 Introduction
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Cracking in Flexural Members
a. Variables Affecting Width of Cracks
b. Equations for Crack Width
c. Cyclic and Sustained Load Effects
7.3 Aci Code Provisions for Crack Control
7.4 Control of Deflections
7.5 Immediate Deflections
7.6 Deflections due to Long-Term Loads
7.7 ACI Code Provisions for Control of Deflections
a. Minimum Depth-Span Ratios
b. Calculation of Immediate Deflections
c. Continuous Spans
d. Long-Term Deflection Multipliers
e. Permissible Deflections
7.8 Deflections due to Shrinkage and Temperature Changes
7.9 Moment vs. Curvature for Reinforced Concrete Sections
References
Problems
Chapter 8: Analysis and Design for Torsion
8.1 Introduction
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Torsion in Plain Concrete Members
8.3 Torsion in Reinforced Concrete Members
8.4 Torsion Plus Shear
8.5 ACI Code Provisions for Torsion Design
a. T Beams and Box Sections
b. Threshold Torsion
c. Equilibrium vs. Compatibility Torsion
d. Limitations on Shear Stress
e. Reinforcement for Torsion
f. Design for Torsion
References
Problems
Chapter 9: Short Columns
9.1 Introduction: Axial Compression
9.1 Introduction: Axial Compression
9.2 Transverse Ties and Spirals
9.3 Compression Plus Bending of Rectangular Columns
9.4 Strain Compatibility Analysis and Interaction Diagrams
9.5 Balanced Failure
9.6 Distributed Reinforcement
9.7 Unsymmetrical Reinforcement
9.8 Circular Columns
9.9 ACI Code Provisions for Column Design
9.10 Design Aids
9.11 Biaxial Bending
9.12 Load Contour Method
9.13 Reciprocal Load Method
9.14 Computer Analysis for Biaxial Bending of Columns
9.15 Bar Splicing in Columns and Ties Near Beam-Column Joints
9.16 Transmission of Column Loads Through Floor Systems
9.17 Shear in Columns
References
Problems
Chapter 10: Slender Columns
10.1 Introduction
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Concentrically Loaded Columns
10.3 Compression Plus Bending
10.4 ACI Criteria for Slenderness Effects in Columns
10.5 ACI Criteria for Nonsway vs. Sway Structures
10.6 ACI Moment Magnifier Method for Nonsway frames
10.7 ACI Moment Magnifier Method for Sway Frames
10.8 Second-Order Analysis for Slenderness Effects
References
Problems
Chapter 11: Analysis, Idealization, and Preliminarily Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams and Frames
11.1 Structural Analysis
11.1 Structural Analysis
11.2 Loading
a. Placement of Loads
b. Load Combinations
11.3 Simplifications in Frame Analysis
11.4 Idealization of The Structure
a. Effective Span Length
b. Moments of Inertia and Modulus of Elasticity
c. Conditions of Support
11.5 Preliminary Design and Guidelines for Proportioning Members
11.6 Approximate Analysis
11.7 ACI Moment Coefficients
11.8 Limit Analysis
a. Introduction
b. Plastic Hinges and Collapse Mechanisms
c. Rotation Requirement
d. Rotation Capacity
e. Moment Redistribution under the ACI Code
11.9 Conclusion
References
Problems
Chapter 12: Analysis and Design of One-Way Slabs
12.1 Types of Slabs
12.1 Types of Slabs
12.2 Design of One-Way Slabs
12.3 Considerations for One-Way Slab Design
a. Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement
b. Concrete Shear Capacity
c. Lateral Distribution of Shear Reinforcement
d. Structural Integrity
e. Vibrations
12.4 Internal Ductwork
References
Problems
Chapter 13: Analysis and Design of Two-Way Slabs
13.1 Two-Way Edge-Supported Slabs
13.1 Two-Way Edge-Supported Slabs
13.2 Two-Way Column-Supported Slabs
a. Lateral Distribution of Moments
b. Shear in Slab Systems with Beams
13.3 Flexural Reinforcement for Column-Supported Slabs
13.4 Depth Limitations of The ACI Code
a. Slabs without Interior Beams
b. Slabs with Beams on All Sides
13.5 Direct Design Method
13.6 Equivalent Frame Method
a. Basis of Analysis
b. Moment of Inertia of Slab Beam
c. The Equivalent Column
d. Moment Analysis
e. Equivalent Frame Analysis by Computer
13.7 Shear Design in Flat Plates and Flat Slabs
a. Slabs without Special Shear Reinforcement
b. Shear Reinforcement
c. Design of Integral Beams with Vertical Stirrups
d. Design of Headed Shear Stud Reinforcement
13.8 Transfer of Moments at Columns
13.9 Transfer Column Loads Through Slabs
13.10 Openings in Slabs
13.11 Deflection Calculations
13.12 Analysis for Horizontal Loads
References
Problems
Chapter 14: Walls
14.1 Introduction
14.1 Introduction
14.2 General Design Considerations
a. Wall Thickness
b. Modeling Considerations
c. Reinforcement
14.3 Simplified Design Method for Axial Load and Out-Of-Plane Moment
14.4 Alternative Method for Out-of-Plane Slender Wall Analysis
14.5 Shear Walls
References
Problems
Chapter 15: Footings and Foundations
15.1 Types and Functions
15.1 Types and Functions
15.2 Spread Footings
15.3 Design Factors
15.4 Loads, Bearing Pressures, Footing Size, and Shear Stress
15.5 Wall Footings
15.6 Column Footings
a. Shear
b. Bearing: Transfer of Forces at Base of Column
c. Bending Moments, Reinforcement, and Bond
15.7 Combined Footings
15.8 Two-Column Footings
15.9 Strip, Grid, and Mat Foundations
15.10 Deep Foundations
a. Service Level Design and Detailing
b. Strength Design
c. Pile Caps
References
Problems
Chapter 16: Retaining Walls
16.1 Function and Types of Retaining Walls
16.1 Function and Types of Retaining Walls
16.2 Earth Pressure
16.3 Earth Pressure for Common Conditions of Loading
16.4 External Stability
16.5 Basis of Structural Design
16.6 Drainage and Other Details
16.7 Example: Design of a Gravity Retaining Wall
16.8 Example: Design of a Cantilever Retaining Wall
a. Preliminary Design
b. Stability Investigation
c. Arm and Key
d. Toe Slab
e. Heel Slab
16.9 Counterfort Retaining Walls
16.10 Basement Walls
16.11 Precast Retaining Walls
References
Problems
Chapter 17: Strut-and-Tie Method
17.1 Introduction
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Development of The Strut-And-Tie Method
a. Struts
b. Ties
c. Nodal Zones
17.3 Strut-and-Tie Design Methodology
a. D-Region
b. Force Resultants on D-Region Boundaries
c. The Truss Model
d. Selecting Dimensions for Struts and Nodal Zones
e. Capacity of Struts
f. Design of Ties and Anchorage
g. Design Details and Minimum Reinforcement Requirements
17.4 ACI Provisions for the Strut-and-Tie Method
a. Strength of Struts
b. Strength of Nodal Zones
c. Curved Bar Nodes
d. Strength of Ties
e. ACI Shear Requirements for Deep Beams
f. Strut-and-Tie Method in Earthquake Applications
17.5 Applications
a. Deep Beams
b. Dapped Beam Ends
References
Problems
Chapter 18: Design of Reinforcement at Joints
18.1 Introduction
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Beam-Column Joints
a. Classification of Joints
b. Joint Loads and Resulting Forces
c. Confinement and Transverse Joint Reinforcement
d. Shear Strength of a Joint
e. Anchorage and Development of Beam Reinforcement
f. Wide-Beam Joints
18.3 Strut-And-Tie Method for Joint Behavior
18.4 Beam-to-Girder Joints
18.5 Ledge Girders
18.6 Corners and T Joints
18.7 Brackets and Corbels
References
Problems
Chapter 19: Concrete Building Systems
19.1 Introduction
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Floor and Roof Systems
a. Monolithic Beam-and-Girder Floors
b. Composite Construction with Steel Beams
c. Steel Deck Reinforced Composite Slabs
d. One-Way Joist Floors
e. Two-Way Edge-Supported Slabs
f. Beamless Flat Slabs with Drop Panels or Column Capitals
g. Flat Plate Slabs
h. Two-Way Joist Floors
19.3 Precast Concrete for Buildings
a. Types of Precast Members
b. Connections
c. Structural Integrity
19.4 Diaphragms
a. Load Transfer by Diaphragms
b. ACI Provisions for Diaphragms
19.5 Engineering Drawings for Buildings
References
Chapter 20: Seismic Design
20.1 Introduction
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Structural Response
a. Structural Considerations
b. Member Considerations
20.3 Seismic Loading Criteria
a. Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
b. Dynamic Lateral Force Procedures
20.4 ACI Provisions for Earthquake-Resistant Structures
20.5 ACI Provisions for Special Moment Frames
a. Beams
b. Columns
c. Joints and Development of Reinforcement
d. Members Not Designated as Part of Seismic-Force-Resisting System
20.6 ACI Provisions for Special Structural Walls, Coupling Beams, Diaphragms, and Trusses
a. Structural Walls
b. Coupling Beams
c. Wall Piers
d. Structural Diaphragms
e. Collector and Structural Truss Elements
20.7 ACI Provisions for Shear Strength
a. Beams
b. Columns
c. Walls, Coupling Beams, Wall Piers, Diaphragms, and Trusses
20.8 ACI Provisions for Intermediate Moment Frames
References
Problems
Chapter 21: Anchoring to Concrete
21.1 Introduction
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Behavior of Anchors
a. Steel Strength in Shear or Tension
b. Concrete Breakout in Shear or Tension
c. Concrete Pullout in Tension
d. Side-Face Blowout
e. Pryout in Shear
f. Combined Tension and Shear
g. Bond Failure of Adhesive
21.3 Concrete Breakout Capacity
21.4 Anchor Design
21.5 ACI Code Provisions for Concrete Breakout Capacity
21.6 Steel Strength
21.7 Concrete Breakout Capacity of Single Cast-In and Post-Installed, Undercut, and Screw Anchors
a. Tensile Breakout Strength of a Single Anchor
b. Shear Breakout Strength of a Single Anchor
c. Concrete Breakout Strength of Anchor Groups
d. Modification Factors for Anchor Strength, Concrete Cracking, Edge Distance, and Slab Thickness
e. Modification for Eccentrically Applied Loads
21.8 Pullout Strength of Anchors
21.9 Side-Face Blowout
21.10 Pryout of Anchors
21.11 Combined Shear and Normal Force
21.12 Bar Groups
21.13 Anchor Reinforcement
21.14 Adhesive Anchors
a. Basic Bond Strength
21.15 Screw Anchors
21.16 Earthquake Design
a. Concrete Breakout Strength Must Exceed the Steel Strength
b. Load Transfer through a Ductile Yield Mechanism
c. Transfer the Load Elastically without Yielding
d. Design for the Maximum Earthquake Load
21.17 Shear Lug Attachments
a. Bearing strength of shear lug anchorages
b. Concrete shear breakout strength near edges
References
Problems
Chapter 22: Prestressed Concrete
22.1 Introduction
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Effects of Prestressing
a. Concrete Stress Control by Prestressing
b. Equivalent Loads
c. Prestressed Concrete as a Variation of Reinforced Concrete
22.3 Sources of Prestress Force
22.4 Prestressing Steels
22.5 Concrete for Prestressed Construction
22.6 Elastic Flexural Analysis
22.7 Flexural Strength
a. Stress in the Prestressed Steel at Flexural Failure
b. Nominal Flexural Strength and Design Strength
c. Limits for Reinforcement
d. Minimum Bonded Reinforcement
22.8 Partial Prestressing
22.9 Flexural Design Based on Concrete Stress Limits
a. Beams with Variable Eccentricity
b. Beams with Constant Eccentricity
22.10 Shape Selection
22.11 Tendon Profiles
22.12 Flexural Design Based on Load Balancing
22.13 Loss of Prestress
a. Lump-Sum Estimates of Losses
b. Estimate of Separate Losses
c. Loss Estimation by the Time-Step Method
22.14 Shear, Diagonal Tension, and Web Reinforcement
22.15 Transfer Length and Development Length
a. Flexural Bond
b. Transfer Length and Development Length
22.16 Anchorage Zone Design
22.17 Deflection
22.18 Crack Control for Class C Flexural Members
References
Problems
Chapter 23: Yield Line Analysis for Slabs
23.1 Introduction
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Upper and Lower Bound Theorems
23.3 Rules for Yield Lines
23.4 Analysis by Segment Equilibrium
23.5 Analysis by Virtual Work
a. External Work Done by Loads
b. Internal Work Done by Resisting Moments
23.6 Orthotropic Reinforcement and Skewed Yield Lines
23.7 Special Conditions at Edges and Corners
23.8 Fan Patterns at Concentrated Loads
23.9 Limitations of Yield Line Theory
References
Problems
Chapter 24: Strip Method for Slabs
24.1 Introduction
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Basic Principles
24.3 Choice of Load Distribution
24.4 Rectangular Slabs
24.5 Fixed Edges and Continuity
24.6 Unsupported Edges
24.7 Slabs with Holes
24.8 Advanced Strip Method
24.9 Comparisons Of Yield Line And Strip Methods For Slab Analysis And Design
References
Problems
Appendix A: Design Aids
Appendix A: Design Aids
Appendix B: SI Conversion Factors: Inch-Pound Units to SI Units
Appendix B: SI Conversion Factors: Inch-Pound Units to SI Units
Author Index
Author Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Z
Subject Index
Subject Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Z
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Figure 5.23 Extended Description (Chapter 5)
Figure 5.24 Extended Description (Chapter 5)
Figure 5.25 Extended Description (Chapter 5)
Figure 5.26 Extended Description (Chapter 5)
Figure P5.5 Extended Description (Chapter 5)
Figure P5.12 Extended Description (Chapter 5)
Figure 6.1 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 6.2 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 6.3 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 6.4 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 6.5 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 6.6 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 6.7 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 6.8 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 6.9 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 6.10 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 6.11 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 6.13 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 6.14 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 6.15 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 6.17 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 6.18 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 6.19 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 6.20 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 6.21 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 6.22 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 6.23 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 6.24 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 6.25 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 6.26 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 6.27 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 6.29 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure P6.9 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure P6.10 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure P6.11 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure P6.12 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure P6.13 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure P6.14 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure P6.15 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure P6.16 Extended Description (Chapter 6)
Figure 7.1 Extended Description (Chapter 7)
Figure 7.2 Extended Description (Chapter 7)
Figure 7.3 Extended Description (Chapter 7)
Figure 7.4 Extended Description (Chapter 7)
Figure 7.5 Extended Description (Chapter 7)
Figure 7.6 Extended Description (Chapter 7)
Figure 7.7 Extended Description (Chapter 7)
Figure 7.8 Extended Description (Chapter 7)
Figure 7.9 Extended Description (Chapter 7)
Figure 7.10 Extended Description (Chapter 7)
Figure 7.11 Extended Description (Chapter 7)
Figure 7.12 Extended Description (Chapter 7)
Figure 7.13 Extended Description (Chapter 7)
Figure 7.14 Extended Description (Chapter 7)
Figure 7.15 Extended Description (Chapter 7)
Figure 7.16 Extended Description (Chapter 7)
Figure 7.17 Extended Description (Chapter 7)
Figure 7.18 Extended Description (Chapter 7)
Figure P7.7 Extended Description (Chapter 7)
Figure 8.1 Extended Description (Chapter 8)
Figure 8.3 Extended Description (Chapter 8)
Figure 8.4 Extended Description (Chapter 8)
Figure 8.5 Extended Description (Chapter 8)
Figure 8.6 Extended Description (Chapter 8)
Figure 8.7 Extended Description (Chapter 8)
Figure 8.8 Extended Description (Chapter 8)
Figure 8.9 Extended Description (Chapter 8)
Figure 8.10 Extended Description (Chapter 8)
Figure 8.11 Extended Description (Chapter 8)
Figure 8.12 Extended Description (Chapter 8)
Figure 8.13 Extended Description (Chapter 8)
Figure P8.3 Extended Description (Chapter 8)
Figure P8.4 Extended Description (Chapter 8)
Figure P8.6 Extended Description (Chapter 8)
Figure 9.2 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure 9.3 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure 9.4 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure 9.5 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure 9.6 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure 9.7 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure 9.8 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure 9.9 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure 9.10 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure 9.11 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure 9.12 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure 9.13 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure 9.14 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure 9.15 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure 9.16 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure 9.17 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure 9.18 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure 9.19 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure 9.20 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure 9.21 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure 9.22 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure P9.4 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure P9.5 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure P9.7 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure P9.8 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure P9.9 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure P9.10 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure P9.13 Extended Description (Chapter 9)
Figure 10.1 Extended Description (Chapter 10)
Figure 10.2 Extended Description (Chapter 10)
Figure 10.3 Extended Description (Chapter 10)
Figure 10.4 Extended Description (Chapter 10)
Figure 10.5 Extended Description (Chapter 10)
Figure 10.6 Extended Description (Chapter 10)
Figure 10.7 Extended Description (Chapter 10)
Figure 10.8 Extended Description (Chapter 10)
Figure 10.9 Extended Description (Chapter 10)
Figure 10.10 Extended Description (Chapter 10)
Figure 10.11 Extended Description (Chapter 10)
Figure 10.12 Extended Description (Chapter 10)
Figure 10.13 Extended Description (Chapter 10)
Figure 10.14 Extended Description (Chapter 10)
Figure 10.15 Extended Description (Chapter 10)
Figure 10.16 Extended Description (Chapter 10)
Figure 10.17 Extended Description (Chapter 10)
Figure P10.1 Extended Description (Chapter 10)
Figure P10.2 Extended Description (Chapter 10)
Figure P10.5 Extended Description (Chapter 10)
Figure P10.8 Extended Description (Chapter 10)
Figure 11.1 Extended Description (Chapter 11)
Figure 11.2 Extended Description (Chapter 11)
Figure 11.3 Extended Description (Chapter 11)
Figure 11.4 Extended Description (Chapter 11)
Figure 11.5 Extended Description (Chapter 11)
Figure 11.6 Extended Description (Chapter 11)
Figure 11.7 Extended Description (Chapter 11)
Figure 11.8 Extended Description (Chapter 11)
Figure 11.9 Extended Description (Chapter 11)
Figure 11.10 Extended Description (Chapter 11)
Figure 11.11 Extended Description (Chapter 11)
Figure 11.13 Extended Description (Chapter 11)
Figure 11.14 Extended Description (Chapter 11)
Figure 11.15 Extended Description (Chapter 11)
Figure 11.16 Extended Description (Chapter 11)
Figure 11.17 Extended Description (Chapter 11)
Figure 11.18 Extended Description (Chapter 11)
Figure P11.1 Extended Description (Chapter 11)
Figure P11.5 Extended Description (Chapter 11)
Figure 12.1 Extended Description (Chapter 12)
Figure 12.2 Extended Description (Chapter 12)
Figure 12.3 Extended Description (Chapter 12)
Figure 12.4 Extended Description (Chapter 12)
Figure 12.6 Extended Description (Chapter 12)
Figure P12.1 Extended Description (Chapter 12)
Figure P12.2 Extended Description (Chapter 12)
Figure 13.1 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.2 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.3 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.4 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.5 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.6 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.7 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.8 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.9 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.10 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.11 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.12 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.13 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.14 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.15 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.16 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.17 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.18 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.19 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.21 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.22 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.23 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.24 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.25 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.26 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.27 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.28 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 13.29 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure P13.2 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure P13.3 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure P13.6 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure P13.8 Extended Description (Chapter 13)
Figure 14.2 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.4 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.5 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.6 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 14.7 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure P14.2 Extended Description (Chapter 14)
Figure 15.1 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.2 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.3 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.4 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.5 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.6 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.7 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.8 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.9 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.10 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.11 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.12 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.13 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.14 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.15 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.16 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.17 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.18 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.19 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.20 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.21 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.23 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 15.24 Extended Description (Chapter 15)
Figure 16.1 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.2 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.3 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.4 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.5 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.6 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.7 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 16.8 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure P16.1 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure P16.2 Extended Description (Chapter 16)
Figure 17.1 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.2 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.3 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.4 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.5 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.6 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.8 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.9 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.10 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.11 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.12 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.13 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.14 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.15 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.17 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure P17.4 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 18.2 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.3 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.4 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.5 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.6 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.7 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.8 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.9 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.10 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.11 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.12 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.13 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.15 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.16 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.17 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.18 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.19 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.20 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.21 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.22 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.23 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.24 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure P18.2 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure P18.3 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure P18.4 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 19.3 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.5 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.7 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.12 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.14 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.15 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.16 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.17 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.18 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.28 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.30 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.31 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.32 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.33 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.34 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.35 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.36 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 20.1 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.2 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.3 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.4 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.8 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.10 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.11 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.12 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.13 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.14 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.15 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.16 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.17 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.19 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.20 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.21 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.23 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.24 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 21.5 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.6 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.8 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.9 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.10 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.11 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.12 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.13 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.14 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.15 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.16 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.17 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.19 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.20 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.21 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.22 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.23 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure P21.1 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure P21.2 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure P21.3 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure P21.4 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure P21.5 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure P21.6 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure P21.8 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure P21.10 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 22.1 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.2 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.3 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.4 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.7 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.8 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.9 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.10 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.11 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.12 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.13 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.14 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.15 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.16 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.17 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.18 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.19 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.20 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.21 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.22 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.23 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.24 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.25 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.26 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.27 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.28 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.29 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.30 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure P22.5 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure P22.8 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 23.1 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.2 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.3 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.4 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.5 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.6 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.7 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.8 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.9 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.10 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.11 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.12 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.13 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.14 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.16 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure P23.2 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure P23.3 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure P23.5 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure P23.6 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure P23.7 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure P23.8 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 24.1 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.2 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.3 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.4 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.5 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.6 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.7 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.8 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.9 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.10 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.11 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.12 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.13 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.14 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.15 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.16 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.17 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure P24.3 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure P24.4 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure P24.5 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure P24.6 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure P24.7 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
TABLE A.13a Extended Description (Appendix A)
TABLE A.13b Extended Description (Appendix A)
TABLE A.13c Extended Description (Appendix A)
GRAPH A.1a Extended Description (Appendix A)
GRAPH A.1b Extended Description (Appendix A)
GRAPH A.2 Extended Description (Appendix A)
GRAPH A.3 Extended Description (Appendix A)
GRAPH A.4 Extended Description (Appendix A)
GRAPH A.5 Extended Description (Appendix A)
GRAPH A.6 Extended Description (Appendix A)
GRAPH A.7 Extended Description (Appendix A)
GRAPH A.8 Extended Description (Appendix A)
GRAPH A.9 Extended Description (Appendix A)
GRAPH A.10 Extended Description (Appendix A)
GRAPH A.11 Extended Description (Appendix A)
GRAPH A.12 Extended Description (Appendix A)
GRAPH A.13 Extended Description (Appendix A)
GRAPH A.14 Extended Description (Appendix A)
GRAPH A.15 Extended Description (Appendix A)
GRAPH A.16 Extended Description (Appendix A)
