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ایبوک Geology Applied to Engineering
دانلود کتاب Geology Applied to Engineering دانلود ایبوک زمین شناسی کاربردی در مهندسی ISBN-13: 978-1478635000 ISBN-10: 1478635002
Geology Applied to Engineering 2nd Edition
by Terry R. West (Author), Abdul Shakoor (Author)
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دانلود کتاب Geology Applied to Engineering
Geology Applied to Engineering bridges the gap between the two fields through its versatile application of the physical aspects of geology to engineering design and construction. The Second Edition elucidates real-world practices, concerns, and issues for today’s engineering geologists and geotechnical engineers. Both undergraduate and graduate students will benefit from the book’s thorough coverage, as will professionals involved in assessing sites for engineering projects, evaluating construction materials, developing water resources, and conducting tests using industry standards. West and Shakoor offer expanded coverage of important topics such as slope stability and ground subsidence and significant fields in engineering geology, such as highways, dams, tunnels, and rock blasting.In order to allow for the diverse backgrounds of geologists and engineers, material on the properties of minerals, rocks, and soil provides a working knowledge of applied geology as a springboard to more comprehensive subjects in engineering. Example problems throughout the text demonstrate the practical applications of soil mechanics, rock weathering and soils, structural geology, groundwater, and geophysics. Thought-provoking and challenging exercises supplement core concepts such as determining shear strength and failure conditions, calculating the depth needed for borings, reading and analyzing maps, and constructing stratigraphic cross sections.
دانلود ایبوک زمین شناسی کاربردی در مهندسی
زمین شناسی اعمال شده بر روی مهندسی از طریق کاربرد همه کاره آن از جنبه های فیزیکی زمین شناسی در طراحی و ساخت مهندسی ، بین این دو رشته فاصله ایجاد می کند. ویرایش دوم ، روشها ، نگرانی ها و موضوعات مربوط به دنیای واقعی را برای زمین شناسان مهندسی و مهندسان ژئوتکنیک امروزی توضیح می دهد. دانشجویان مقطع کارشناسی و کارشناسی ارشد از پوشش کامل این کتاب و همچنین متخصصانی که در ارزیابی سایت برای پروژه های مهندسی ، ارزیابی مصالح ساختمانی ، توسعه منابع آب و انجام آزمایشات با استفاده از استانداردهای صنعت دخیل هستند ، از پوشش کامل این کتاب بهره مند خواهند شد. وست و شکور پوشش گسترده ای از موضوعات مهم مانند ثبات شیب و فرونشست زمین و زمینه های قابل توجه در زمین شناسی مهندسی ، مانند بزرگراه ها ، سدها ، تونل ها و انفجار سنگ را ارائه می دهند.
به منظور اجازه دادن به زمینه های متنوع زمین شناسان و مهندسان ، مطالبی در مورد خواص مواد معدنی ، سنگها و خاک ، دانش عملی زمین شناسی کاربردی را به عنوان سکوی پرشی برای موضوعات جامع تر در مهندسی فراهم می کند. مشکلات مثال در کل متن ، کاربردهای عملی مکانیک خاک ، هوازدگی سنگ و خاک ، زمین شناسی ساختاری ، آبهای زیرزمینی و ژئوفیزیک را نشان می دهد. تمرین های تفکر برانگیز و چالش برانگیز مفاهیم اصلی مانند تعیین مقاومت برشی و شرایط شکست ، محاسبه عمق مورد نیاز برای حفاری ها ، خواندن و تجزیه و تحلیل نقشه ها و ساخت مقاطع چینه ای را تکمیل می کنند.
فهرست مطالب Geology Applied to Engineering
Front Endsheets
Data Pertaining to Planet Earth
Geologic Time Scale
Common Conversion Factors, British Engineering Units to SI Units
Title Page
Contents
Preface
1 Origin and Development of the Earth
Modern Theory of the Origin of the Universe
The Evolving Universe Theory
Stages of Star Development
Origin of the Solar System
Nebular Hypotheses
The Milky Way
The Likelihood of Life on Other Planets
The Fate of Life on Earth
Configuration of the Earth’s Surface
Early Developments
Melting of the Earth
Formation of the Oceans and Atmosphere
Architecture of the Earth’s Surface Today
Seafloor Spreading
Plate Tectonics
Exercises on the Origin and Development of the Earth
References
2 Minerals
Mineral Definition
Mineral Formation
Occurrence of Minerals
Mineral Identification
Rock-Forming Minerals
Silicates
Oxide Minerals
Sulfide Minerals
Carbonate Minerals
Sulfate Minerals
Clay Minerals
Zeolites
Engineering Considerations of Minerals
Exercises on Minerals
References
3 Igneous Rocks
Definitions of Rock
Geologic Definition
Engineering Definition
Definition and Occurrence of Igneous Rocks
Formation of Igneous Rocks
Types of Volcanoes
Shield Volcanoes
Cinder Cones
Composite Volcanoes
Morphology of Volcanoes
Fissure Eruptions
Volcanic Deposits
Pyroclastic Deposits
Fumaroles, Geysers, and Hot Springs
Intrusive Rock Bodies
Igneous Rock Textures
Mineralogy of Igneous Rocks
Classification of Igneous Rocks
Igneous Rock Descriptions
Engineering Considerations of Igneous Rocks
Exercises on Igneous Rocks
References
4 Rock Weathering and Soils
Factors Controlling Weathering
Role of Water
Topographic Expression
Processes of Mechanical Weathering
Differential Expansion and Contraction
Frost Wedging
Sheeting and Exfoliation
Spheroidal Weathering
Differential Weathering
Other Mechanical Weathering Processes
Processes of Chemical Weathering
Surface Area Effects
Solution, Oxidation, Hydrolysis, and Effects of Plants
Resistance to Weathering
Effects of Climate
Classification of Weathering Grade
Soil Profiles
Definitions of Soil
Factors Controlling Soil Profile Development
Parent Material
Climate
Time
Topography and Vegetation
Classification of Soil Particle Size and Texture
Clay Size versus Clay Mineral
Textural Classifications
Agricultural Soils Maps
Engineering Considerations of Rock Weathering and Soils
Exercises on Rock Weathering and Soils
References
5 Sedimentary Rocks
Definition and Occurrence of Sedimentary Rocks
Sediments versus Sedimentary Rocks
Lithification
Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary Rock Classification
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Coarsely Crystalline Sedimentary Rocks
Fine-Grained or Cryptocrystalline Rocks
Whole Fossil Rocks
Sedimentary Rock Identification
Distinguishing Features of Sedimentary Rocks
Bedding
Bedding Plane Features
Secondary Structures
Environments of Deposition
Continental Environment
Mixed Environments
Marine Environment
Additional Details of Carbonate Deposition
Engineering Considerations of Sedimentary Rocks
Exercises on Sedimentary Rocks
References
6 Metamorphic Rocks
Definition and Occurrence of Metamorphic Rocks
Types of Metamorphism
Geologic Rock Cycle
Textures of Metamorphic Rocks
Types of Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic Grade
Metamorphic Rock Identification
Rock Identification for All Three Varieties
Hardness
Diagnostic Minerals
Directional Features
Other Features
Engineering Considerations of Metamorphic Rocks
Exercises on Metamorphic Rocks
References
7 Elements of Soil Mechanics
Index Properties
Soil Texture
Grain Size Distribution
Particle Shape and Roundness
Phase Relationships
Atterberg Limits
Soil Classification
Unified Soil Classification System
AASHTO Classification System
Soil Structure
Structure of Cohesionless Soils
Structure of Cohesive Soils
Compaction
Engineering Significance of Compaction
Factors Affecting Compaction
Laboratory Tests
Properties of Compacted Cohesive Soils
Compaction and Excavation Equipment
Field Compaction Control
Effective Stress
Definition
Basic Calculations
Effects of Water Flow
Critical Hydraulic Gradient
Shear Strength of Soils
Stress at a Point
Principal Stresses
Mohr Circle
Mohr–Coulomb Failure Criterion
Stress Distribution
Two-to-One Method
Boussinesq Formula
Westergaard Formula
Newmark Influence Chart
Laboratory Testing
Engineering Considerations of Soil Mechanics
Exercises on Elements of Soil Mechanics
References
8 Engineering Properties of Rocks
Properties of Intact Rock
Specific Gravity, Absorption, Porosity, Degree of Saturation, and Unit Weight
Rock Strength
Elastic Properties of Rocks
Rock Durability
Engineering Classification of Intact Rock
Rock Mass Properties
Engineering Classification of Rock Mass
Percent Core Recovery
Rock Quality Designation
Fracture Index
Velocity Index
Rock Mass Classification Systems
Rock Strength and Petrography
Engineering Considerations of Rock Properties
Exercises on Engineering Properties of Rocks
References
9 Evaluating Construction Materials
Introduction
Testing Construction Materials
Strength Test
Durability Tests
Other Tests for Evaluating Aggregates
Portland Cement Concrete
Concrete Composition
Petrographic Examination of Concrete
Engineering Considerations of Construction Materials
Exercises on Evaluating Construction Materials
References
10 Stratigraphy and Geologic Time
Stratigraphy
Basic Geologic Principles for Relative Age Dating
Principle of Original Horizontality and Continuity
Principle of Superposition
Principle of Faunal Assemblage
Principle of Crosscutting Relationships
Principle of Baked Contacts
Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Uniformitarianism
Unconformities
Types of Unconformities
Nonconformity versus Intrusive Contact
Correlation
Complications in Correlation
Dating the Earth
Early Speculation and Scientific Estimates about the Earth’s Age
Seventeenth-Century Biblical Scholars
Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Scientific Studies
Geologic Time Scale
Absolute or Radiometric Dating
Emission of Particles
Decay of U238
Decay Constants
Calculations for Decay Constant and Half-Life
Limitations of Isotope Dating
Age Dating Based on Uranium, Thorium, and Lead
Age Dating Using Rubidium and Strontium
Age Dating from Potassium and Argon
Radiocarbon Dating
Fission Track Dating
Absolute Age of the Earth
The Awesome Span of Geologic Time
Human Time versus Geologic Time
Geologic Maps
Engineering Considerations of Statigraphy and Geologic Time
Exercises on Stratigraphy and Geologic Time
References
11 Structural Geology
Rock Deformation
Folds in Rock
Fold Terminology
Strike and Dip
Anticlines and Synclines
Domes and Basins
Structural Geology Symbols
Types of Rock Fractures
Joints
Shear Zones
Faults
Folds and Faults Combined
Direction of Stress and Fault Orientation
Engineering Considerations of Structural Geology
Exercises on Structural Geology
References
12 Running Water and River Systems
Hydrologic Cycle and Rainfall Equation
Factors Influencing Runoff
Types of Runoff
Laminar Flow
Turbulent Flow
Jet or Shooting Flow
Intermittent and Perennial Streams
Stream Flow Terms
Velocity
Gradient
Discharge
Flooding
Stream Hydrograph
Load
Three Views of a Stream
The Economy of Stream Flow
Work of Streams
Erosion
Transportation
Deposition
Landform Features of Streams
Drainage Patterns
Drainage Basins and Divides
Depositional Forms in Alluvial Valleys
Channel Patterns
Deltas, Alluvial Fans, and Stream Terraces
Erosional Features
Engineering Considerations of Running Water and River Systems
Problems of Wide Floodplain Areas
Problems of Upland Stream Locations
Exercises on Running Water and River Systems
References
13 Groundwater
Origin of Groundwater
Connate Water
Magmatic Water
Distribution of Groundwater
Subsurface Distribution
Vadose Zone
Water Table
Zone of Phreatic Water
Confined and Unconfined Water
Porosity and Related Properties
Permeability
Darcy’s Law
Permeability Units
Measuring Permeability
Springs
Groundwater Movement
Production of Groundwater
Production from Unconsolidated Materials
Production from Bedrock
Water Well Terminology
Legal Details of Groundwater Ownership
Groundwater Rights Based on Land Ownership
Development of Water Rights and Conservation
Legal Complications
Water Witching
Groundwater Pollution
Septic Tank Fields
Sanitary Landfills
Miscellaneous Groundwater Pollution
Saltwater Encroachment
Formation of Caves in Carbonate Rocks
Engineering Considerations of Groundwater
Exercises on Groundwater
References
14 The Work of Glaciers
Glacial Ice
Types of Glaciers
Results of Glaciation
Valley Glaciers
Continental Glaciers
Glacial History of the United States
Glacial Stages
History of the Great Lakes
Engineering Considerations of the Work of Glaciers
Exercises on The Work of Glaciers
References
15 Slope Stability and Ground Subsidence
Classification of Mass Movement
Types of Slope Movement
Falls
Topples
Slides
Lateral Spreads
Flows
Creep and Other Flow Type Movements
Complex Slope Movements
Causes of Slope Movements
Excessive Precipitation
Earthquakes
Human Activities
Prevention and Correction of Slope Movements
Ground Subsidence
Compaction and Consolidation
Plastic Outflow
Underground Opening Collapse
Engineering Considerations of Slope Stability and Ground Subsidence
Exercises on Slope Stability and Ground Subsidence
References
16 Coastal Processes
Wave Motion
Oscillatory Waves
Waves in Shallow Water
Wave Paths and Erosive Forces
Tides
Location and Frequency of Tides
Causes of Tidal Fluctuations
Spring Tides and Neap Tides
Details on Tidal Extremes
Locations with Maximum Tidal Effects
Effects of Severe Storms
Erosion in Coastal Areas
Factors in Wave Erosion
Landform Features in Massive Rock
Deposition in Coastal Areas
Beaches
Sea Terraces
Spits and Sand Bars
Barrier Islands
Dune Ridges
Estuaries
Uses of Estuaries
Pollution of Estuaries
Classification of Coastlines
Sensitivity of Shoreline Features to Human Activities
Engineering Considerations: Shoreline Protection Structures
Exercises on Coastal Processes
References
17 Arid Environments and Wind
Arid Climates
Geologic Processes in Arid Regions
Wind
Action of the Wind
Wind Erosion
Wind Deposits
Loess Deposits
Engineering Considerations of Arid Environments and Wind
Exercises on Arid Environments and Wind
References
18 Earthquakes and Geophysics
Earthquake Studies
Types of Waves
Earthquake Scales
Earthquake Damage
Geologic Investigations of Earthquake Prone Areas
Locating Earthquakes Using Seismology
Causes of Earthquakes
Earthquake Prediction
Earthquake Distribution
Earthquakes of the United States
Human-Induced Earthquakes
The Earth’s Interior
Crust
Mantle
Core
Engineering Geophysics
Seismic Methods
Gravity and Magnetic Methods
Electrical Methods
Ground Penetrating Radar
Well Logging Methods
Refraction Seismic Method
Earth Resistivity Method
Selection of Geophysical Exploration Methods
Engineering Considerations of Earthquakes and Geophysics
Exercises on Earthquakes and Geophysics
References
19 Subsurface Investigations
Subsurface Model
Reconnaissance
Office Reconnaissance
Field Reconnaissance
Procedure for Reconnaissance
Subsurface Exploration: Sounding, Drilling, and Sampling
Soundings
Drilling Methods
Sampling Methods
Miscellaneous Considerations
Site Selection
Engineering Considerations of Subsurface Investigations
Exercises on Subsurface Investigations
References
20 Physiographic Provinces
Physiographic Provinces
Factors Affecting Physiography
Rock Type and Geologic Structure
Geologic Processes
Stage
Subdividing Physiographic Provinces
Sections
Divisions on a State Basis
Engineering Considerations of Physiographic Provinces
Exercises on Physiographic Provinces
References
21 Engineering Geology
Engineering Geology
Examples of Construction Projects Related to Engineering Geology
Engineering Geology of Highways
Highway Location
Subsurface Investigations
Balancing Cut and Fill Volumes
Overbreak and Presplitting
Cut-Slope Angle
Groundwater Problems
Areas Prone to Slope Movements
Legal Aspects
Construction Materials: Location and Inventory
Human Activity Considerations
Engineering Geology of Dams
Classification of Dams
Materials for Dam Construction
Exploration for Dams
Grouting
Malpasset Dam Failure—A Case History Illustrating the Role of Geology
Engineering Geology of Tunnels
Site Investigations
Estimating Overburden Pressure
Standup Time
Geologic Hazards during Tunneling
Tunneling Procedures
Tunnel Supports
Rock Blasting
Blast-Damage Criterion
Blast-Induced Ground Vibrations
Effects of Air Blasts
Environmental Geology
Large-Scale Interpretive Maps
Exercises on Engineering Geology: Highways, Dams, Tunnels, and Rock Blasting
References
Appendix A: Identification of Minerals and Rocks
Minerals
Igneous Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
General Considerations
Appendix B: Topographic Maps
Elements of Topographic Maps
Latitude and Longitude
Map Scale
Converting Scales
Topography
Location by the Township and Range System
Gradients or Slopes
Compass Directions
Geologic Maps of Horizontal Rocks
Exercises on Topographic Maps
Index
Back Endsheets
Common Conversions Used in Geotechnical Calculations
Equations Used to Calculate Soil Properties
