خرید ایبوک Handbook of Dialysis Therapy 6th
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ایبوک Handbook of Dialysis Therapy 6th
Handbook of Dialysis Therapy
6th Edition – May 15, 2022
ISBN: 9780323791366
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دانلود کتاب Handbook of Dialysis Therapy 6th
Edited and written by top experts and pioneers in dialysis, Handbook of Dialysis Therapy, 6th Edition, provides the entire dialysis team with a comprehensive overview of this growing field. It covers traditional and advanced procedures, what pitfalls to expect and how to overcome them, and how best to treat various patient populations—all with a practical approach that can be directly applied to patient care. This must-have resource has been updated with the latest cutting-edge technology, dialysis techniques, and complications related to various diseases for both pediatric and adult patients.
دانلود ایبوک راهنمای دیالیز درمانی نسخه ششم
ویرایش ششم کتاب راهنمای دیالیز درمانی که توسط متخصصان و پیشگامان برتر دیالیز ویرایش و نوشته شده است، یک دید کلی جامع از این حوزه رو به رشد را در اختیار کل تیم دیالیز قرار می دهد. این روشهای سنتی و پیشرفته، مشکلاتی را که باید انتظار داشت و چگونه بر آنها غلبه کرد، و بهترین روش برای درمان جمعیتهای مختلف بیماران را پوشش میدهد – همه با رویکردی عملی که میتواند مستقیماً در مراقبت از بیمار اعمال شود. این منبع ضروری با جدیدترین فناوری، تکنیک های دیالیز و عوارض مربوط به بیماری های مختلف برای بیماران کودکان و بزرگسالان به روز شده است.
فهرست مطالب کتاب Handbook of Dialysis Therapy 6th
Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Part I: Dialysis Therapy for Adults
Section 1: Overview of ESKD
1: Demographics of the End-Stage Renal Disease Patient
Abstract
Introduction
Incidence and Prevalence of ESKD
Dialysis Initiation: Predialysis Care and Modality Selection
Comorbidity, Expected Survival, and Causes of Death
Summary
2: Uremic Toxicity
Abstract
Introduction
Small Water-Soluble Compounds
Protein-Bound Compounds
Middle Molecules
Discussion
Recommended Reading
3: Initiation of Dialysis Therapy
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Indications for Initiation of Dialysis in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Clinical Practice Guidelines for Initiation of Dialysis
Trends in Timing of Initiation of Dialysis
Preparation for Renal Replacement Therapy
Dialysis Modality Selection
Conclusions
Recommended Reading
Section 2: Hemodialysis
4: Urea Kinetic Modeling for Guiding Hemodialysis Therapy in Adults
Abstract
Introduction
Why Model Urea?
The Kinetics of Urea
Modeling Parameters
The Process of Urea Kinetic Modeling
Studies Assessing Dialysis Adequacy
Estimation or Simplified Equations
Hemodialysis Adequacy for Alternative Dialysis Schedules
Recognizing Errors
Conclusion
Recommended Reading
5: The Dialysis Prescription
Abstract
Philosophy of Dialysis Adequacy
Kt/V
Urea Reduction Ratio
Thresholds for spKt/V and URR
Equilibrated Kt/V
Standardized Kt/V
Middle Molecule Clearance
Fluid Removal
Conclusion
Recommended Reading
6: Selecting a Dialyzer: Technical and Clinical Considerations
Abstract
Introduction
Hollow Fiber Dialyzers: Fundamental Considerations
Hollow Fiber Membrane Characteristics
Diffusive Solute Transport During Hemodialysis
Removal of Large Molecular Weight Uremic Toxins
New Approaches for Classifying Dialysis Membranes and Dialyzers
Enhanced Large Uremic Toxin Removal: Clinical Considerations
Putting It All Together: Key Considerations
References
7: Water Treatment Equipment for In-Center Hemodialysis
Abstract
Introduction
Water Contaminants
Equipment Used for Water Purification
Recommended Readings
8: Dialysate Composition
Abstract
Introduction
Dialysate Sodium
Dialysate Potassium
Dialysate Buffer
Dialysate Calcium
Dialysate Magnesium
Dialysate Phosphate
Recommended Reading
9: Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis
Abstract
Definitions and Overview
Fluid Delivery System
Dialysate Circuit
The Blood Circuit
Conclusion
Recommended Reading
10: Methods of Hemodialysis Anticoagulation
Abstract
Introduction
Assessing Bleeding Risk
Systemic Anticoagulation
Regional Anticoagulation
Anticoagulant-Free Dialysis
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
Recommended Reading
11: Common Clinical Problems in Hemodialysis
Abstract
Introduction
Investigating an Adverse Event on Hemodialysis
Acute Reactions During Hemodialysis
Neurologic and Muscular Complications
Cardiovascular Complications
Acute Vascular Access Complications
Hematologic Complications
Pulmonary Complications
Technical Issues
References
12: Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration
Abstract
Introduction
Definitions
Preparation of Ultrapure Replacement Fluid: Technical Issues
Modes of Hemodiafiltration
Clinical Advantages of On-Line-Hemodiafiltration
Effect on Survival
Principles of the Hemodiafiltration Prescription
Safety of Hemodiafiltration
Summary—High-Volume On-Line Hemodiafiltration in Clinical Practice
Recommended Reading
13: Wearable and Implantable Renal Replacement Therapy
Abstract
Introduction
Limits of Conventional Hemodialysis
Solute Removal
Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins
Salt and Water Removal
Wearable Systems
Peritoneal Dialysis
Hemodialysis
Fully Implantable Systems
Recellularization Approaches
Implantable Renal Assist Device
Implantable Filters
Bioreactor
Summary
Recommended Reading
14: Home Preparation and Installation for Home Hemodialysis
Abstract
Introduction
Basis for Home Hemodialysis
Requirements
Conclusion
References
Recommended Reading
15: Vascular Access
Abstract
Introduction
History of Vascular Access
Multidisciplinary Approach to Vascular Access
Access Site Locations
Overall Clinical Considerations
Advantages and Disadvantages of Each Vascular Access Type
On Dialysis Rounds
References
16: Cannulation of Arteriovenous Vascular Access: Science and Art
Abstract
Introduction
Access Monitoring
General Process of Care Related to Cannulation
Cannulation-Induced Needle Fear or Phobia
Cannulation Technique Customization
Cannulation Methods
General Cannulation Policy and Procedure Steps
General Buttonhole Cannulation Policy and Procedure Steps
Self-cannulation
Cannulation Process of Care Utilizing POCUS and Cannulation Stations
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
17: Central Venous Access for Hemodialysis
Abstract
The Role of Central Venous Access
Types of Catheters
Central Venous Catheter Placement
Central Venous Catheter Complications
Catheter Dysfunction
Suggested Reading
18: Noninfectious Complications From Vascular Access
Abstract
Perioperative Complications
Local Complications
Systemic Complications
Suggested Reading
19: Infectious Complications From Vascular Access
Abstract
Overview of Vascular Access Infections
Hemodialysis Catheter-Related Infections
Prevention of Catheter-Related Infections
Arteriovenous Fistula-Related Infections
Arteriovenous Graft-Related Infections
Prevention and Management of Arteriovenous Fistula and Arteriovenous Graft Infections
Recommended Reading
Section 3: Peritoneal Dialysis
20: Determination of Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis and Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Prescriptions
Abstract
Dialysis Adequacy for Patients Receiving Peritoneal Dialysis
The Importance of Residual Kidney Function
Designing the Initial Prescription for Peritoneal Dialysis
References
21: Peritoneal Dialysis Cyclers and Other Mechanical Devices
Abstract
Mechanical Aspects and Hydraulics
Gravity-Based Cyclers
Pump-Based Cyclers
Connectology
Information Technology and Connectivity
User Interface and Ease of Use
Current and Future Developments
Conclusions
Recommended Reading
22: Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions
Abstract
Introduction
Electrolytes
Buffers
Osmotic Agents
Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions
Future Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions
Conclusions
References
23: Solute Management With Peritoneal Dialysis
Abstract
Introduction
Determinants of Solute Clearance
Measuring Solute Clearance
Evaluating Increases in Serum Urea Concentration
Modifying the Peritoneal Dialysis Prescription to Increase Solute Clearance
Suggested Reading
24: Volume Management With Peritoneal Dialysis
Abstract
Introduction
Fluid Status Exam
Nondialytic Management of Sodium and Water Handling
Determination of Peritoneal Sodium and Water Removal
Optimizing Peritoneal Dialysis Prescription for Sodium and Water Removal
Emerging and Novel Dialytic Strategies to Enhance Peritoneal Sodium and Water Removal
Acute Volume Overload Management
Fluid Removal in the Anuric Patient
Conclusion
Recommended Reading
25: Peritoneal Access Devices, Placement Techniques, and Maintenance
Abstract
Acute Catheters
Chronic Catheters
Choosing a Peritoneal Catheter for Long-Term Use
Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Placement Procedures
Care of the Long-Term Peritoneal Catheter
Complications of Peritoneal Catheters for Long-Term Peritoneal Dialysis
Removal of Long-Term Peritoneal Dialysis Catheters
Secondary Embedding of Long-Term Catheters
Recommended Reading
26: Peritoneal Catheter Exit Site and Tunnel Infections
Abstract
Introduction
Definitions
Frequency
Causative Organisms
Risk Factors
Treatment and Outcomes
Prevention
Summary
Recommended Reading
27: Peritonitis in Peritoneal Dialysis
Abstract
Reporting of Peritonitis Rate
Risk Factors
Pathogenesis and Causative Organisms
Diagnosis
Management
Prevention of Peritonitis
Recommended Reading
28: Abdominal Hernias With Peritoneal Dialysis
Abstract
Incidence and Prevalence
Types of Abdominal Wall Hernias
Risk Factors
Complications
Diagnosis and Management
Continuation of Peritoneal Dialysis after Hernioplasty
Prophylactic Measures
References
Bibliography
29: Dialysate Leaks with Peritoneal Dialysis
Abstract
Introduction
Pericatheter Leaks
Abdominal Wall Leaks
Genital Edema
Retroperitoneal Leaks
Summary
Suggested Reading
30: Hydrothorax and Peritoneal Dialysis
Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Presentation
Diagnosis
Management
Recommended Reading
31: Abdominal Catastrophes, Peritoneal Eosinophilia, and Other Unusual Events in Peritoneal Dialysis
Abstract
Abdominal Catastrophe
Pneumoperitoneum
Iatrogenic Complications of Gastrointestinal or Gynecologic Procedures
Pancreatitis
Peritoneal Eosinophilia
Hemoperitoneum
Chyloperitoneum
Recommended Reading
32: Metabolic Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis
Abstract
Weight Gain
Metabolic Syndrome
New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus in Nondiabetic Patients
Hyperglycemia in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus
Lipid Abnormalities
Hypokalemia
Recommended Reading
Section 4: Management of Uremic Complications
33: Acid–Base Homeostasis in Dialysis
Abstract
Determinants of Blood [HCO3_] in Dialysis Patients
Recommended Reading
34: Nutritional Management of Hemodialysis Patients
Abstract
Introduction
Screening and Assessment of Nutritional Status in Maintenance Hemodialysis
Epidemiology of Protein-Energy Wasting in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients
Etiology and Prevention of Protein-Energy Wasting in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients
Treatment of Protein-Energy Wasting in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients
Summary and Recommendations
Recommended Reading
35: Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition and Intraperitoneal Nutrition
Abstract
Introduction
Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition
Limitations of Clinical Trials of Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition Therapy
Indications for Initiation of Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition
Composition of Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition
Infusion and Monitoring of Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition Therapy
Advantages and Disadvantages of Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition
Home Therapies
Monitoring of Intraperitoneal Nutrition Therapy
Advantages and Disadvantages of Intraperitoneal Nutrition
Summary
Suggested Reading
36: Nutritional Management in Peritoneal Dialysis
Abstract
Protein-Energy Wasting
Diagnosis and Assessment of Protein-Energy Wasting in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Epidemiology and Clinical Outcomes
Risk Factors for Protein-Energy Wasting in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Management of Protein-Energy Wasting in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Conclusion
Recommended Reading
37: Anemia and Its Treatment in Patients With End-Stage Kidney Disease
Abstract
Introduction
Causes of Anemia
Evaluation and Treatment of Anemia in Patients on Dialysis
Role of Red Blood Cell Transfusion in Management of Anemia of End-Stage Kidney Disease
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors
Recommended Reading
38: Resistance to Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agent (ESA) Treatment
Abstract
Definition of Hyporesponsiveness/Resistance to Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents
Epidemiology of Hyporesponsiveness to Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents
Clinical Use of Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents in Hyporesponsive Patients
Hyporesponsiveness and Outcomes
Causes of Hyporesponsiveness and Their Management
Potential Therapeutic Approaches
Conclusions
Recommended Reading
39: Chronic Kidney Disease–Mineral and Bone Disorder
Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease–Mineral Bone Disorder
Disordered Mineral Metabolism and Mortality
Bone Disease
Vascular Calcification
Bone-Vascular Axis
Treatment
Conclusion
Recommended Reading
40: Phosphate Management in Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease
Abstract
Introduction
Phosphate Physiology
Phosphate-Lowering Therapy
Dietary Phosphate Restriction
Dialytic Control of Hyperphosphatemia
Phosphate-Lowering Medication
Phosphate Transport Inhibitors
Other Considerations
Recommendations
Recommended Reading
41: Use of Vitamin D Sterols and Calcimimetics in Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease
Abstract
Vitamin D sterols
Calcimimetics
Recommended Reading
42: Parathyroidectomy
Abstract
The Development of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Refractory Hyperparathyroidism
Indications for Parathyroidectomy
Surgical Management of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Parathyroidectomy, Mineral Disease, and Mortality
Complications of Parathyroidectomy
A Final Remark
References
43: Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease
Abstract
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Course and Complications
Diagnosis and Screening
Treatment
Suggested Reading
Section 5: Management of Co-Existing Illnesses and Special Populations
44: The Challenges of Blood Pressure Control in Hemodialysis Patients
Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiology of Hypertension in Hemodialysis Patients
Blood Pressure Targets in Hemodialysis Patients
Typical Hemodynamic Response to a Hemodialysis Treatment
Intradialytic Hypotension
Intradialytic Hypertension
Blood Pressure Variability
Treatment Recommendation
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
45: Arrhythmias in Hemodialysis Patients
Abstract
Etiology and Prognosis
Management
Summary
Recommended Reading
46: Management of Ischemic Heart Disease, Heart Failure, and Pericarditis in Patients Undergoing Long-Term Dialysis
Abstract
Introduction
Ischemic Heart Disease
Heart Failure
Uremic Pericarditis
Recommended Reading
47: Avoidance and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease in Dialysis
Abstract
Introduction
Management of Cardiovascular Disease
Presentation and Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease
Prevention and Treatment Strategies
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Diagnostics
Treatment
Other Critical Organ Systems Requiring Protection
Conclusion
Recommended Reading
48: Management of Dyslipidemia in Long-Term Dialysis Patients
Abstract
Introduction
Diet and Exercise
Lipid-Lowering Drugs
Other Lipid-Lowering Strategies
Recommended Reading
49: End-Stage Kidney Failure in the Diabetic Patient
Abstract
Introduction: The Diabetic End-Stage Kidney Disease Population
Predialysis Care/Dialysis Initiation
Dysglycemia
Prediabetes
Assessing Glycemic Control in End-Stage Kidney Disease
Achieving Glycemic Control in End-Stage Kidney Disease
Diabetic Ketoacidosis/Hyperosmolar Coma
Hypoglycemia
Medications for Glycemic Control
Hemodialysis Access
Nutrition/Protein Energy Wasting
Hypertension
Dialysis-Associated Hypotension
Cardiovascular Disease
Infection
Peripheral Arterial Disease/Foot Ulcers
Neuropathy
Ophthalmologic Complications
Home Hemodialysis
Peritoneal Dialysis
Kidney Transplantation
Comprehensive Conservative Care
Outcomes
Quality of Life
Recommended Reading
50: Care of Elderly Dialysis and End-Stage Kidney Disease Patients
Abstract
Introduction
Functional Changes, Social Functioning, and Quality of Life
Cognitive Impairment and Dementia
Depression
Polypharmacy and Safe Prescribing
Instability and Falls
Nondialytic Management and Comprehensive Conservative Kidney Care
Palliative Dialysis and Dialysis Discontinuation
Goal Setting and Advance Care Planning
Conclusion
Recommended Reading
51: Liver Disease and Gastrointestinal Disorders in Dialysis Patients
Abstract
Introduction
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Nephrogenic Ascites and Other Gastrointestinal Disorders in the Dialysis Population
Conclusions
52: Abnormalities of Thyroid Function in Chronic Dialysis Patients
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology of Thyroid Dysfunction in Kidney Disease
Factors Contributing to Thyroid Dysfunction in Kidney Disease
Thyroid Function Test Alterations in Dialysis Patients
Thyroid Functional Disease and Outcomes in Dialysis Patients
Treatment Considerations
Suggested Reading
53: Care of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected End-Stage Kidney Disease Patient
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Improved Survival of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected End-Stage Kidney Disease Patient
Hemodialysis and Vascular Access
Infection Control in Hemodialysis
Peritoneal Dialysis
Transplantation
General Dialysis Care
Nutrition and Diet
Hepatitis B and C Coinfection
Antiretroviral Therapy
Opportunistic Infection Prophylaxis and Immunizations
References
Recommended Reading
54: COVID-19 and Dialysis Patients
Abstract
The Impact of COVID-19 on Outpatient Dialysis Facilities
The Impact of COVID-19 on Inpatient Dialysis Facilities
Suggested Reading
55: Psychosocial Issues in Patients Treated With Dialysis
Abstract
Psychopathology
Psychosocial Issues
Adherence
Conclusion
Recommended Reading
56: Evaluation and Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction
Abstract
Introduction
Sexual Dysfunction in Uremic Men
Evaluation of Sexual Dysfunction in Uremic Men
Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction in Uremic Men
Sexual Dysfunction in Uremic Women
Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction in Uremic Women
Recommended Reading
57: Pregnancy in Dialysis Patients
Abstract
Introduction: A Historic Perspective
Evidence-Based Medicine and Pregnancy on Dialysis: Methodological Insights
Epidemiologic Aspects of Pregnancy on Dialysis
When to Start Dialysis in Pregnancy
Dialysis Management in Pregnancy
Specific Support Therapies in Dialysis in Pregnancy
Nutritional Management in Dialysis in Pregnancy
Monitoring Policies
Conclusions: Counseling Issues
Recommended Reading
58: Principles of Drug Usage in Dialysis Patients
Abstract
Introduction
Pharmacologic Principles and Alterations in Uremia
Suggested Reading
59: Medication Management
Abstract
Medication-Related Problems in Dialysis Patients
Identifying and Resolving Medication-Related Problems in Dialysis Patients
Medication Reconciliation
Medication Review
Economic Impact
Conclusion
Recommended Reading
60: Physical Activity, Function, and Exercise-Based Rehabilitation for People on Dialysis
Abstract
Introduction
Definitions
Physical Activity and Function
Exercise Rehabilitation
Physical Function Assessment for People with Chronic Kidney Disease
Intradialytic Cycling—A Pragmatic Approach to Encourage Uptake of Exercise and Physical Activity Promotion
Potential Barriers and Solutions to the Provision of Intradialytic Exercise Programs
References
61: Physical, Psychosocial, and Vocational Rehabilitation of Patients Undergoing Long-Term Dialysis
Background
Redefining Rehabilitation
Prerequisites to Effective Rehabilitation
Implementing Rehabilitation
Evaluation of Outcomes
Conclusions
Recommended Reading
62: Preventive Care in End-Stage Renal Disease
Abstract
Immunizations
Infection Prevention
Screening
Health Care Counseling
Advance Care Planning and Palliative or Supportive Care
Monitoring: Lipids, Glucose, Anemia, and Bone and Mineral Disorders
Recommended Reading
Section 6: Systems Management for the Care of Dialysis Patients
63: Ethical Considerations in the Care of Dialysis Patients: The New Paradigm
Abstract
Who Should and Should Not Receive Dialysis?
On What Basis Should Decisions About Kidney Replacement Therapy and Modality Be Made?
When Should a Time-Limited Trial of Dialysis Be Used?
When Should Palliative Care Consultation Be Considered?
When Should Palliative Dialysis Be Offered?
When Should Stopping Dialysis Be Considered?
How Should a Nephrologist Respond to a Patient’s Request to Stop Dialysis?
How Should a Patient Who Stops Dialysis Be Treated?
When Should a Dialysis Patient Be Referred to Hospice?
Summary
Recommended Reading
64: Improving Outcomes for End-Stage Renal Disease Patients: Shifting the Quality Paradigm
Abstract
Recommended Reading
65: Quality, Safety, Accountability, and Medical Director Responsibilities
Abstract
Introduction
Quality
Patient Safety
Accountability
Medical Director Responsibilities
Recommended Reading
66: Application of Telemedicine to Kidney Failure Patients
Abstract
Telemedicine in Kidney Failure: Overview of the Opportunity and Issues
Telemedicine/Virtual Intensive Care Unit: Where Are We and Where Are We Going?
The Health Care System in the United States Presents Particular Challenges
A Framework for Implementation of a Telehealth Program
Use Cases
Telehealth Technology Requirements
Nontechnology Telehealth Requirements
Examples of Telehealth in Use Today
Conclusions
References
Section 7: Acute Kidney Injury and Poisonings
67: Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies for Acute Kidney Injury
Abstract
Basic Principles and Operational Characteristics
Technical Issues
Treatment Dosing
Factors That Impact Dialysis Dose
Fluid Management
Applications
Traditional and Special Indications for Treatment
Monitoring and Complications
Outcomes
Cost
Conclusion
Recommended Reading
68: Anticoagulation for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Abstract
Selecting Anticoagulation Approaches for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Specific Agents and Anticoagulation Techniques (Table 68.2)
Anticoagulation in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Patients Requiring CRRT
Conclusions
Recommended Reading
69: Treatment of Poisoning with Extracorporeal Methods
Abstract
General Overview of the Treatment of the Poisoned Patient
Characteristics of a Potentially Dialyzable Toxin
Choice of Extracorporeal Treatment
Technical Considerations
General Principles Regarding the Use of Extracorporeal Treatment in the Management of Poisoning
Specific Indications for Poisons That Are Currently Considered Dialyzable
Recommending Reading
Part II: Dialysis Therapy for Children
70: Vascular Access and Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Placement in Children
Abstract
Dialysis Access in the Pediatric ESRD Patient
Recommended Readings
71: Infant Hemodialysis
Abstract
Vascular Access
Equipment/Preparation
Dialysis Prescription for the Infant: Special Considerations
Anticoagulation
Frequency
Ultrafiltration and Clearance
Modality
Chronic Hemodialysis
Recommended Reading
72: Urea Kinetic Modeling for Hemodialysis Prescription in Children
Abstract
Chronic Hemodialysis in Children
Dialysis Prescription in Children
Principles of Urea Kinetic Modeling in Children
Data Collection
Common Errors in Calculations
Application of Urea Kinetic Modeling
National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative Pediatric Recommendations for Dialysis Adequacy
References
73: Alternate Hemodialysis Prescriptions in Children
Abstract
What Is the Optimal Dialysis Dose?
Adult Quotidian Hemodialysis Experience
Pediatric Quotidian Hemodialysis Experience
Infrastructure
Dialysis Equipment
Patient Selection
Prescriptions
Dialysis Adequacy
Conclusion
Recommended Reading
74: Anticoagulation in Children Undergoing Hemodialysis, Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy, or Apheresis Therapy
Abstract
Introduction
General Considerations
Unfractionated Heparin
Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins
Systemic Anticoagulants as Alternatives to Heparins
Regional Anticoagulation with Citrate
Other Regional Anticoagulants
Oral Anticoagulants
Central Venous Line Locks and Treatment of Clotted Catheters
Recommended Reading
75: Prescribing Peritoneal Dialysis in Children
Abstract
Initiation of Dialysis in Children
Factors to Consider in Modality Choice in Children
Prescription Components
Prevalence of Peritoneal Dialysis Use in Children
Recommended Reading
76: Nutritional Management of Children Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis
Abstract
Assessment of Growth and Nutritional Status
Dietary Intake
Dietary Prescription
Summary
Recommended Reading
77: Peritoneal Dialysis in Neonates and Infants
Abstract
Introduction
Peritoneal Dialysis as a Renal Replacement Modality for Acute Kidney Injury
Peritoneal Dialysis Access in Acute Kidney Injury
Prescription Considerations for Acute Kidney Injury
The Chronic Setting: End-Stage Kidney Disease
Conclusion
Recommended Reading
78: Dialysis for Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Abstract
Techniques of Metabolite Removal
Extracorporeal Blood Purification
Peritoneal Dialysis
Recommended Reading
79: Neurocognitive Function in Pediatric Dialysis
Abstract
Introduction
Chronic Kidney Disease and Its Effects on Childhood Neurocognitive Development
Neurocognitive Issues in Children on Dialysis
Conclusions
References
80: Growth in Children With End-Stage Kidney Disease
Abstract
Introduction
Growth Patterns
Assessment of Growth
Growth Failure in Chronic Kidney Disease
Underlying Renal Disease
Protein–Energy Malnutrition
Metabolic Acidosis
CKD–Mineral Bone Disorder
Anemia
Endocrine Dysfunction
Treatment
Summary
Recommended Reading
81: Adequacy of Peritoneal Dialysis/Assessing Peritoneal Function in Pediatric Patients
Abstract
Dialysis Adequacy in Terms of Small Solute Clearance (Kt/Vurea)
Prescription of Peritoneal Dialysis
Measurement of Peritoneal Dialysis Dose
Adequacy Recommendations
Timing and Frequency of Solute Clearance and Ultrafiltration Measurement
Adjusting the Dialysis Prescription by Computer Modeling
Summary
Recommended Reading
82: Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Pediatric Patients
Abstract
Introduction
Indications and Options
Prescription
Hemofilter Membranes
Nutrition
Outcome Data
Special Applications of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
83: Prevention and Treatment of Bone Disease in Pediatric Dialysis Patients
Abstract
Clinical Features of Renal Osteodystrophy
Pathology of Renal Osteodystrophy: Abnormalities in Bone Turnover, Mineralization, and Volume
Circulating Factors Contributing to Renal Osteodystrophy
Pathogenesis of Skeletal Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease
Prediction of Skeletal Health
Treatment of CKD-MBD
Summary
References
84: Management of Anemia in Children Undergoing Dialysis
Abstract
Introduction
Definition of Anemia
Prevalence of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease
The Effects of Anemia
Testing for Anemia
Testing for Iron Deficiency
Vitamin and Mineral Deficiency
Erythrocyte-Stimulating Agents
Lack of Response to Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agent
Risk of Adverse Outcomes
Iron Therapy
Recommended Reading
85: Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Complications in Children Undergoing Dialysis
Abstract
Cardiovascular Mortality in Children on Maintenance Dialysis
Development of Cardiovascular Disease in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease
Evaluation and Treatment Recommendations
Recommended Reading
86: Infectious Complications in Children Undergoing Dialysis
Abstract
Introduction
Peritoneal Dialysis
Hemodialysis
Future Steps
Recommended Reading
87: Caring for the Teenager in an Adult Unit
Abstract
Overview of Transition/Transfer to Adult Care
Transitional Procedures for Pediatric Dialysis Patients
Patient Perspectives on Transfer
Evidence-Based Strategies for Optimizing Transfer
Posttransfer Considerations
Functional Outcomes
Conclusions
Recommended Reading
Index
