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The Biomechanics of Back Pain 3rd Edition

by Michael A. Adams BSc PhD (Author), Nikolai Bogduk BSc(Med) MB BS MD PhD DSc DipAnat DipPainMed FAFRM FAFMM FFPM(ANZCA) (Author), Kim Burton OBE DO PhD Hon FFOM (Author), Patricia Dolan BSc PhD (Author)

Hardcover: 336 pages
Publisher: Churchill Livingstone; 3 edition (September 7, 2012)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0702043133
ISBN-13: 978-0702043130

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برای اطمینان از کیفیت کتاب بیومکانیک کمردرد نسخه 3 ، چند صفحه ابتدایی ان بصورت رایگان قرار داده شده است. همانطور که در صفحات رایگان کتاب الکترونیکی  آلرژی 2 مجموعه میدلتون: اصول و تمرین نسخه 9 مشخص است امکان هایلایت و کپی برداری ساده از متون و تصاویر موجود در کتاب می باشد.

دانلود کتاب The Biomechanics of Back Pain 3rd

دانلود ایبوک بیومکانیک کمردرد نسخه 3

فهرست مطالب کتاب The Biomechanics of Back Pain 3rd

Front cover
The Biomechanics of Back Pain
Copyright page
Table of Contents
Preface to the 3rd Edition
Additional On-line Information
1 Introduction
Mechanical loading and back pain
Purpose of this book
The authors
Who should read this book?
Introduction to individual chapters
Biomechanical terms and concepts
Force
Mass
Weight
Stress
Fluid
Pressure (or hydrostatic pressure)
Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
Strain
Energy
Momentum
Bending moment
Torque
Stiffness and strength
Damage
Modulus
Strain energy, hysteresis and toughness
Creep
Fatigue failure
Cube-square law
Biomechanics and aesthetics
2 The vertebral column and adjacent structures
Design features
Rigidity
Separation
Compression
Mobility
Intervertebral discs
Microstructure
Disc height
The essential lumbar vertebral column
Posterior elements
The complete lumbar vertebral column
Ligaments
Zygapophyseal joints
The sacrum
Sacroiliac joint
Thoracic spine
Thoracic vertebral column
Sternum
Ribs
Muscle surface
Further reading
3 Muscles and fascia of the lumbar spine
Intersegmental muscles
Anterolateral muscles
Psoas major
Quadratus lumborum
Posterior back muscles
Multifidus
Longissimus thoracis pars lumborum
Iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum
Longissimus thoracis pars thoracis
Iliocostalis lumborum pars thoracis
Erector spinae aponeurosis
Forces and line of action
Thoracolumbar fascia
Abdominal muscles
Latissimus dorsi
Further reading
4 Nerves and blood supply to the lumbar spine
Vertebral canal
Spinal nerves
Ventral rami
Dorsal rami
Innervation of the disc
Blood vessels
Nutrition of the disc
Further reading
5 Back pain
Experimental studies
Red-flag disorders
Ligament sprain
Muscle sprain
Muscle spasm
Trigger points
Iliac crest syndrome
Segmental dysfunction
Dural pain
Spondylolysis
Sacroiliac joint pain
Zygapophyseal joint pain
Discogenic pain
Disc prolapse
Vertebral body pain
Synopsis
6 Epidemiology of back trouble
Introduction
Symptoms, pathology and disability
Epidemiological terminology
The nature of epidemiological evidence
Symptoms
Back pain and sciatica in adults
Back pain in children
The time course of back pain
Care-seeking
Pathology
Intervertebral disc herniation and degeneration
Other spinal pathology
Disability
Risk factors
Genetic risk factors
Individual risk factors
Environmental (physical) risk factors
Psychosocial influences
Concluding remarks
7 Biology of spinal tissues
Introduction
Muscle
Structure and composition
Metabolism
Bone
Structure and composition
Metabolism
Hyaline (articular) cartilage
Structure and composition
Metabolism
Tendon and ligament
Structure and composition
Metabolism
Intervertebral discs
Structure and composition
Metabolism
Biological compatibility of spinal tissues
8 Growth and ageing of the spine
Introduction
Prenatal development and growth
Differentiation
Embryological development
Fetal development
Postnatal growth
Neonatal and infant growth
Childhood and adolescence
Age-related changes in the adult spine
Muscles
Vertebrae
Hyaline cartilage
Tendon and ligament
Intervertebral discs
Biochemical changes
Histological changes
Metabolic changes
Functional changes
Gross functional changes in the ageing spine
9 Forces acting on the thoracolumbar spine
Compression, shear, bending and torsion
Where do the forces come from?
Gravity and inertial effects
Muscles
Fascia and ligaments
Intra-abdominal pressure
Use of lifting belts
Compressive loading of the spine
Measuring spinal compression
Intradiscal pressure
Spinal shrinkage
Linked-segment and EMG-assisted models
Direct EMG estimates of spinal loading
Comparison between direct EMG and linked-segment model techniques
Compressive loading in vivo
Shear
Bending
Measuring spinal bending
Spinal bending in vivo
Bending moments on the spine during manual handling
When do bending moments rise to high levels?
Dangers of sustained and repeated bending
Diurnal variations in bending moment
Torsion
10 Mechanical function of the thoracolumbar spine
Introduction
Why is the spine curved?
Movements of the lumbar spine
Range of movement: radiographs, CT, MRI and implanted pins
Range of movement: skin surface techniques
Assessment of techniques
Variations in lumbar mobility with age and gender
Other influences on lumbar mobility
Patterns of movement
Centre of rotation
Intersegmental movements
Coupled movements
Movements of the whole lumbar spine
Spinal movements and spinal disorders
Techniques used to investigate spinal function
Mechanical testing of cadaveric tissues
Load and loading rate
Centre of rotation
Effect of death on the spine’s mechanical properties
Changes in the hours following death
Effect of frozen storage on mechanical properties
‘Motion segment’ experiments
Mathematical models
Analytical models
Finite element models
Animal models
Vertebrae
Vertebral body
Neural arch
Zygapophyseal joints
Articular surfaces
Joint capsule
Lubrication
Spinal ligaments
Interspinous and supraspinous ligaments
Intertransverse ligament
Ligamentum flavum
Zygapophyseal joint capsular ligaments
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Iliolumbar ligaments
Intervertebral discs
Annulus fibrosus
Tensile properties of the annulus
How does collagen reinforce the annulus?
Nucleus pulposus
Cartilage endplates
Stress distributions within intervertebral discs
Compression of an intervertebral disc
Bending of an intervertebral disc
Axial rotation of an intervertebral disc
Sacrum and sacroiliac joints
Sacrum
Sacroiliac joints
Movements in vivo
Movements in vitro
Mechanical function
11 Mechanical damage to the thoracolumbar spine
Introduction
Damage, injury and fatigue failure
Compression
Resistance to compression
Vertebral compression fracture
The endplate is usually the spine’s ‘weak link’ in compression
‘Osteoporotic’ compression fractures of the vertebral body
Compressive strength of thoracolumbar vertebrae
Fatigue failure of the vertebral body
Vibrations
Internal disc disruption
Activities which could injure the spine in compression
Shear
Resistance to shear
Damage in shear
Activities which could injure the spine in shear
Torsion
Centre of rotation
Resistance to torsion
Torsional damage
Activities which could injure the spine in torsion
Backwards bending
Centre of rotation
Resistance to backwards bending
Damage in backwards bending
Activities which could injure the spine in backwards bending
Forward bending
Centre of rotation
Resistance to forward bending
Damage in forward bending
Rapid bending
Slow and sustained bending
Interactions between bending and compression
Activities which could injure the spine in forward bending
Lateral bending
Bending and compression: disc prolapse
Disc prolapse by sudden loading
Disc prolapse by repetitive loading
Consequences of disc prolapse
Mechanical consequences
Biological consequences
Activities which could cause disc prolapse
Segmental ‘instability’
Mechanical instability
Excessive intersegmental movement
Qualitatively abnormal intersegmental movement
Abnormally low intersegmental resistance to small movements
Discogenic causes of segmental instability
Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis
Spinal trauma
Flexion distraction (’seat belt’) injuries
Burst fractures of the vertebral body
12 Cervical spine biomechanics
Introduction
Gross anatomy
Movements of the cervical spine
Disc mechanics
Strength of the cervical spine
Resistance to bending
Cervical spine trauma classification
Whiplash
What is whiplash?
What is injured in whiplash?
13 Posture, creep and ‘functional pathology’
Introduction
Posture and the lumbar spine
Posture and lumbar curvature in the sagittal plane
Posture and load-sharing in the lumbar spine
Posture and the neural arch
Posture and intervertebral disc mechanics
Posture and intervertebral disc nutrition
Posture and spinal nerve roots
Posture and muscle action
Postures involving lateral bending of the lumbar spine
‘Creep’ in spinal tissues
Compressive ‘creep’ deformation of intervertebral discs
Compressive ‘creep’ deformation of vertebrae
Total time-dependent compressive deformations of the elderly spine
Diurnal changes in human stature
Diurnal changes in spinal mechanics
Spinal ‘creep’ in flexion and extension
‘Good’ and ‘bad’ posture for the lumbar spine
Sitting and standing
Manual handling
Postural advice for those with back pain
14 Sensorimotor control
Introduction
Asymmetrical muscle ACTIVITY
Antagonistic muscle activity
Flexion–relaxation
Reflex control of spinal movements
Factors that impair reflex control
Creep
Muscle fatigue
Pain
Consequences of impaired reflex control
15 Spinal degeneration
Introduction
Intervertebral disc degeneration
What is disc degeneration?
What causes disc degeneration?
Precipitating causes of disc degeneration
Time course of disc degeneration
Underlying causes of disc degeneration
Structural features of disc degeneration
Annulus tears or fissures
Disc prolapse
Endplate damage
Internal collapse of annulus
Disc narrowing, radial bulging and vertebral osteophytes
Other features of degenerated discs
Functional changes in degenerated discs
Are there two distinct routes to disc degeneration?
Disc degeneration and pain
Degenerated discs are often painful
Nerve and blood vessel ingrowth in degenerated discs
Pain sensitisation of nerve roots and intervertebral discs
Inflammation and healing in the disc periphery
Schmorl’s nodes and Modic changes
Instability
What is spinal instability?
What causes spinal instability?
Spinal instability and pain
Vertebral body osteophytes
Apophyseal joint osteoarthritis
What is osteoarthritis?
Involvement of the apophyseal joints
What causes osteoarthritis?
Osteoporosis and senile kyphosis
Introduction
What causes senile kyphosis?
How can senile kyphosis be prevented and treated?
Other disorders of vertebrae
Stenosis
Scoliosis
Sacroiliac joint degeneration
Back muscles
16 Preventing back pain
Introduction
Epidemiology revisited
Prevention in low-back pain
Outcomes and interventions
Evidence
Recommendations
General population
Physical exercise
Information/education/training (back schools)
Lumbar supports/back belts
Mattresses
Chairs
Shoe insoles/correction of leg length discrepancies
Manipulation
Workers
Physical exercise/physical activity
Information/advice/instruction
Back belts/lumbar supports
Shoe inserts, shoe orthoses, shoe insoles, flooring and mats
Physical ergonomics
Organisational ergonomics
Multidimensional interventions
Modified work for return to work after sick leave due to LBP
School age
School-based interventions
Modifiable risk factors
Summary of the concepts of prevention in low-back pain
Overarching messages from the guidelines
Update
Summary
Postscript: practical advice
17 Conservative management of back pain
Introduction
Work as a health outcome
A short history of back pain guidelines
Primary care guidelines
Occupational health guidelines
European guidelines
Diagnosis of acute non-specific low-back pain
Treatment of acute non-specific low-back pain
Chronic guidelines: overarching comments
Diagnosis in chronic low-back pain
Patient assessment
Physical examination and case history
Imaging
Electromyography
Prognostic factors
Treatment of chronic low-back pain
Conservative treatments
Pharmacological treatments
Invasive treatments
Rehabilitation for the management of low-back pain
Obstacles to recovery/return to work
Biological obstacles
Personal/psychological obstacles
Thoughts
Feelings
Behaviours
Employee
Workplace
Context obstacles
Biopsychosocial interactions
Clinical management
Restoration of function
An occupational focus
Stepped care
Occupational management
Modified work
Health at work
Summary
Cultural shifts in the management of low-back pain1512
Cultural interventions
Novel non-surgical therapies for back disorders
Promoting intervertebral disc healing
New injection therapies for back pain and sciatica
Regenerative medicine
Other
Summary
Practical advice for preventing back problems
Practical advice for coping with back pain
18 Biomechanics rationale for spinal surgery
Introduction
Resection
Resection
Disc replacement
19 Surgery for disc prolapse, spinal stenosis and back pain
Introduction
Disc prolapse
Cauda equina syndrome
Lumbar spinal stenosis
Spondylolysis
Spondylolisthesis
Facet joint pain
Discogenic low-back pain
Intradiscal electrothermal therapy
Total disc replacement
Low-friction total disc replacement
Compliant total disc replacement
Dynamic stabilisation
Spinal fusion
Posterolateral fusion
Instrumented posterolateral fusion
Posterior lumbar interbody fusion
Anterior lumbar interbody fusion
Combined anterior and posterior fusion
Interbody cage devices
Does spinal fusion reduce discogenic back pain?
Which type of spinal fusion?
Summary
20 Medicolegal considerations
Introduction
Background issues
Epidemiology
Underlying and precipitating causes of back disorders
All backs are more or less vulnerable to injury
Mechanisms of injury and fatigue failure
Can mechanical loading cause a normal disc to prolapse?
Retrospective analyses of spinal loading
How strong is the back?
Relating spinal loading to pathology and pain
Summary
21 Summary and conclusions
Introduction
Structure and function of the back
What does what?
Motor control
Some backs are more vulnerable than others
Genetic inheritance predisposes to injury and degeneration
Ageing contributes to tissue vulnerability
Loading history
Medicolegal significance
Back injuries
Forces acting on the spine
Epidemiological evidence
Injury mechanisms
Healing of back injuries
Muscle
Tendons and ligaments
Bone
Articular cartilage and intervertebral discs
Ageing and degeneration of the spine
Development and growth
Ageing
Intervertebral disc degeneration
Spine ‘degenerative cascade’
Apophyseal joint osteoarthritis
Segmental ‘instability’
Osteophytosis
Spinal stenosis
Osteoporosis and senile kyphosis
Back pain
Pain from disrupted tissues
Muscles
Vertebrae
Zygapophyseal joints
Sacroiliac joints
Intervertebral discs
Neurogenic pain
‘Functional’ pain
Psychosocial factors influence pain behaviour
Current and future treatment options
Manual therapy
Surgery
Drugs
Regenerative medicine
Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)
Exercise
Other
Concluding remarks
References
Index