Title page

Copyright Page

Brief Contents

Contents

CogLab Experiments

Demonstrations

Methods

Preface to Instructors

Preface to Students

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive Psychology: Studying the Mind

What Is the Mind?

Studying the Mind: Early Work in Cognitive Psychology

Abandoning the Study of the Mind

Watson Founds Behaviorism

Skinner’s Operant Conditioning

Setting the Stage for the Reemergence of the Mind in Psychology

The Rebirth of the Study of the Mind

Paradigms and Paradigm Shifts

Introduction of the Digital Computer

Conferences on Artificial Intelligence and Information Theory

The Cognitive “Revolution” Took a While

The Evolution of Cognitive Psychology

What Neisser Wrote

Studying Higher Mental Processes

Studying the Physiology of Cognition

New Perspectives on Behavior

SOMETHING TO CONSIDER

Learning from This Book

TEST YOURSELF 1 . 1

CHAPTER SUMMARY

THINK ABOUT IT

KEY TERMS

COGLAB EXPERIMENTS

Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience

Levels of Analysis

Neurons: Basic Principles

Early Conceptions of Neurons

The Signals That Travel in Neurons

Representation by Neural Firing

The Story of Neural Representation and Cognition: A Preview

Feature Detectors

Neurons That Respond to Complex Stimuli

Sensory Coding

TEST YOURSELF 2.1

Localized Representation

Localization Determined by Neuropsychology

Localization Determined by Recording from Neurons

Localization Demonstrated by Brain Imaging

Distributed Representation

Looking at a Face

Remembering

Producing and Understanding Language

Neural Networks

Structural Connectivity

Functional Connectivity

The Dynamics of Cognition

The Default Mode Network

SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: Technology Determines the Questions We Can Ask

TEST YOURSELF 2.2

CHAPTER SUMMARY

THINK ABOUT IT

KEY TERMS

COGLAB EXPERIMENTS

Chapter 3: Perception

The Nature of Perception

Some Basic Characteristics of Perception

A Human Perceives Objects and a Scene

DEMONSTRATION Perceptual Puzzles in a Scene

A Computer-Vision System Perceives Objects and a Scene

Why Is It So Difficult to Design a Perceiving Machine?

The Stimulus on the Receptors Is Ambiguous

Objects Can Be Hidden or Blurred

Objects Look Different fromDifferent Viewpoints

Scenes Contain High-Level Information

Information for Human Perception

Perceiving Objects

Hearing Words in a Sentence

TEST YOURSELF 3.1

Conceptions of Object Perception

Helmholtz’s Theory of Unconscious Inference

The Gestalt Principles of Organization

Taking Regularities of the Environment into Account

DEMONSTRATION Visualizing Scenes and Objects

Bayesian Inference

Comparing the Four Approaches

TEST YOURSELF 3.2

Neurons and Knowledge About the Environment

Neurons That Respond to Horizontals and Verticals

Experience-Dependent Plasticity

Perception and Action: Behavior

Movement Facilitates Perception

The Interaction of Perception and Action

Perception and Action: Physiology

What and Where Streams

METHOD Brain Ablation

Perception and Action Streams

Mirror Neurons

SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: KNOWLEDGE,INFERENCE, AND PREDICTION

TEST YOURSELF 3.3

CHAPTER SUMMARY

THINK ABOUT IT

KEY TERMS

COGLAB EXPERIMENTS

Chapter 4: Attention

Attention as Information Processing

Broadbent’s Filter Model of Attention

Modifying Broadbent’s Model: More Early Selection Models

A Late Selection Model

Processing Capacity and Perceptual Load

DEMONSTRATION The Stroop Effect

TEST YOURSELF 4 . 1

Directing Attention by Scanning a Scene

Scanning a Scene With Eye Movements

Scanning Based on Stimulus Salience

Scanning Based on Cognitive Factors

Scanning Based on Task Demands

Outcomes of Attention

Attention Improves Our Ability to Respond to a Location

Attention Improves Our Abilityto Respond to Objects

Attention Affects Perception

Attention Affects Physiological Responding

TEST YOURSELF 4.2

Divided Attention: Can We Attend to More ThanOne Thing at a Time?

Divided Attention Can Be Achieved With Practice: Automatic Processing

Divided Attention Becomes More Difficult WhenTasks Are Harder

Distractions

Distractions by Cell Phones while Driving

Distractions by the Internet

Distraction Caused by Mind Wandering

What Happens When We Don’t Attend?

Inattentional Blindness

Inattentional Deafness

Change Detection

DEMONSTRATION Change Detection

What About Everyday Experience?

Attention and Experiencing a Coherent World

Feature Integration Theory

Evidence for Feature Integration Theory

DEMONSTRATION Searching for Conjunctions

SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: Attentional Networks

TEST YOURSELF 4.3

CHAPTER SUMMARY

THINK ABOUT IT

KEY TERMS

COGLAB EXPERIMENTS

Chapter 5: Short-Term and Working Memory

The Modal Model of Memory

Sensory Memory

The Sparkler’s Trail and the Projector’s Shutter

Sperling’s Experiment: Measuring the Capacityand Duration of the Sensory Store

Short-Term Memory: Storage

What Is the Duration of Short-Term Memory?

How Many Items Can Be Held in Short-Term Memory?

METHOD Change Detection

DEMONSTRATION Remembering Letters

How Much Information Can Be Held in Short-Term Memory?

TEST YOURSELF 5 . 1

Working Memory: Manipulating Information

DEMONSTRATION Reading Text and Remembering Numbers

The Phonological Loop

DEMONSTRATION Articulatory Suppression

The Visuospatial Sketch Pad

DEMONSTRATION Comparing Objects

DEMONSTRATION Recalling Visual Patterns

DEMONSTRATION Holding a Spatial Stimulus in the Mind

The Central Executive

An Added Component: The Episodic Buffer

Working Memory and the Brain

The Effect of Damage to the Prefrontal Cortex

Prefrontal Neurons That Hold Information

The Neural Dynamics of Working Memory

SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: WHY IS MOREWORKING MEMORY BETTER?

METHOD Event-Related Potential

TEST YOURSELF 5.2

CHAPTER SUMMARY

THINK ABOUT IT

KEY TERMS

COGLAB EXPERIMENTS

Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory: Structure

Comparing Short-Term and Long-TermMemory Processes

Serial Position Curve

Coding in Short-Term and Long-Term Memory

METHOD Measuring Recognition Memory

DEMONSTRATION Reading a Passage

Comparing Coding in Short-Term and Long-Term Memory

Locating Memory in the Brain

TEST YOURSELF 6 . 1

Episodic and Semantic Memory

Distinctions Between Episodic and Semantic Memory

Interactions Between Episodic and Semantic Memory

What Happens to Episodic and Semantic Memoriesas Time Passes?

Back to the Future

TEST YOURSELF 6.2

Procedural Memory, Priming, and Conditioning

Procedural Memory

DEMONSTRATION Mirror Drawing

Priming

METHOD Avoiding Explicit Remembering in a Priming

Classical Conditioning

SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: Memory Loss in the Movies

TEST YOURSELF 6.3

CHAPTER SUMMARY

THINK ABOUT IT

KEY TERMS

COGLAB EXPERIMENTS

Chapter 7: LTM: Encoding, Retrieval,and Consolidation

Encoding: Getting Information intoLong-Term Memory

Levels of Processing Theory

Forming Visual Images

Linking Words to Yourself

Generating Information

Organizing Information

DEMONSTRATION Remembering a List

Relating Words to Survival Value

Retrieval Practice

TEST YOURSELF 7 . 1

Effective Studying

Elaborate

Generate and Test

Organize

Take Breaks

Avoid “Illusions of Learning”

Be An “Active” Note-Taker

Retrieval: Getting Information Out of Memory

Retrieval Cues

METHOD Cued Recall

Matching Conditions of Encoding and Retrieval

TEST YOURSELF 7 . 2

Consolidation: Establishing Memories

Synaptic Consolidation: ExperienceCauses Changes at the Synapse

Systems Consolidation: The Hippocampus and the Cortex

METHOD Multivoxel Pattern Analysis (MVPA)

Consolidation and Sleep:Enhancing Memory

Reconsolidation: The Dynamics of Memory

Reconsolidation: A Famous Rat Experiment

Reconsolidation in Humans

A Practical Outcome of Reconsolidation Research

Something to Consider: Alternative Explanationsin Cognitive Psychology

TEST YOURSELF 7 . 3

CHAPTER SUMMARY

THINK ABOUT IT

KEY TERMS

COGLAB EXPERIMENTS

Chapter 8: Everyday Memoryand Memory Errors

The Journey So Far

Autobiographical Memory: What HasHappened in My Life

The Multidimensional Nature of Autobiographical Memory

Memory Over the Life Span

Memory for “Exceptional” Events

Memory and Emotion

Flashbulb Memories

METHOD Repeated Recall

TEST YOURSELF 8 . 1

The Constructive Nature of Memory

Source Monitoring Errors

The Illusory Truth Effect

How Real-World Knowledge Affects Memory

DEMONSTRATION Reading Sentences

DEMONSTRATION Memory for a List

What Is It Like to Have “Exceptional” Memory?

TEST YOURSELF 8 . 2

The Misinformation Effect

METHOD Presenting Misleading Postevent Information

Creating Memories for Events in People’s Lives

Creating Childhood Memories

Legal Implications of False Memory Research

Why Do People Make Errors in Eyewitness Testimony?

Errors of Eyewitness Identification

Errors Associated with Perception and Attention

Misidentifications Due to Familiarity

Errors Due to Suggestion

What Is Being Done to Improve Eyewitness Testimony?

Eliciting False Confessions

SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: Music- and Odor-Elicited Autobiographical Memories

TEST YOURSELF 8 . 3

DEMONSTRATION Reading Sentences (Continued)

CHAPTER SUMMARY

THINK ABOUT IT

KEY TERMS

COGLAB EXPERIMENTS

Chapter 9: Conceptual Knowledge

Basic Properties of Concepts and Categories

How Are Objects Placed into Categories?

Why Definitions Don’t Work for Categories

The Prototype Approach: Finding the Average Case

DEMONSTRATION Family Resemblance

METHOD Sentence Verification Technique

The Exemplar Approach: Thinking About Examples

Which Approach Works Better: Prototypes or Exemplars?

Is There a Psychologically “Basic” Levelof Categories?

Rosch’s Approach: What’s Special About BasicLevel Categories?

DEMONSTRATION Listing Common Features

DEMONSTRATION Naming Things

How Knowledge Can Affect Categorization

TEST YOURSELF 9 . 1

Network Models of Categorization

Representing Relationships Among Categories:Semantic Networks

Introduction to Semantic Networks: Collins and Quillian’sHierarchical Model

Criticism of the Collins and Quillian Model

The Connectionist Approach

What Is a Connectionist Model?

How Are Concepts Represented in a Connectionist Network?

TEST YOURSELF 9 . 2

How Concepts Are Represented in the Brain

Four Proposals About How ConceptsAre Represented in the Brain

The Sensory-Functional Hypothesis

The Multiple-Factor Approach

The Semantic Category Approach

The Embodied Approach

Summarizing the Approaches

Something to Consider: The Hub and Spoke Model

METHOD Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

TEST YOURSELF 9 . 3

CHAPTER SUMMARY

THINK ABOUT IT

KEY TERMS

COGLAB EXPERIMENTS

Chapter 10: Visual Imagery

Imagery in the History of Psychology

Early Ideas About Imagery

Imagery and the Cognitive Revolution

METHOD Paired-Associate Learning

Imagery and Perception: Do They Sharethe Same Mechanisms?

Kosslyn’s Mental Scanning Experiments

METHOD/DEMONSTRATION Mental Scanning

The Imagery Debate: Is Imagery Spatial or Propositional?

Comparing Imagery and Perception

Imagery and the Brain

Imagery Neurons in the Human Brain

METHOD Recording from Single Neurons in Humans

Brain Imaging

Multivoxel Pattern Analysis

Neuropsychological Case Studies

Conclusions from the Imagery Debate

Using Imagery to Improve Memory

Placing Images at Locations

DEMONSTRATION Method of Loci

Associating Images with Words

SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: Individual Differences in Visual Imagery

TEST YOURSELF 10.2

CHAPTER SUMMARY

THINK ABOUT IT

KEY TERMS

COGLAB EXPERIMENTS

Chapter 11: Language

What is Language?

The Creativity of Human Language

The Universal Need to Communicate with Language

Studying Language

Understanding Words: A Few Complications

Not All Words Are Created Equal: Differences in Frequency

The Pronunciation of Words Is Variable

There Are No Silences Between Words in Normal Conversation

Understanding Ambiguous Words

Accessing Multiple Meanings

METHOD Lexical Priming

Frequency Influences Which Meanings Are Activated

TEST YOURSELF 11.1

Understanding Sentences

Parsing: Making Sense of Sentences

The Garden Path Model of Parsing

The Constraint-Based Approach to Parsing

Prediction, Prediction, Prediction…

TEST YOURSELF 11.2

Understanding Text and Stories

Making Inferences

Situation Models

Having Conversations

The Given–New Contract

Common Ground: Taking the Other Person into Account

Establishing Common Ground

Syntactic Coordination

METHOD Syntactic Priming

SOMETHING TO CONSIDERMusic and Language

Music and Language: Similarities and Differences

Expectations in Music and Language

Do Music and Language Overlap in the Brain?

TEST YOURSELF 11.3

CHAPTER SUMMARY

THINK ABOUT IT

KEY TERMS

COGLAB EXPERIMENTS

Chapter 12: Problem Solving & Creativity

What Is a Problem?

The Gestalt Approach

Representing a Problem in the Mind

The Idea of Insight

DEMONSTRATION Two Insight Problems

Functional Fixedness and Mental Set

DEMONSTRATION The Candle Problem

The Information-Processing Approach

Newell and Simon’s Approach

DEMONSTRATION The Tower of Hanoi Problem

The Importance of How a Problem Is Stated

DEMONSTRATION The Mutilated Checkerboard Problem

METHOD Think-Aloud Protocol

TEST YOURSELF 12.1

Using Analogies to Solve Problems

Analogical Transfer

DEMONSTRATION Duncker’s Radiation Problem

Analogical Encoding

Analogy in the Real World

METHOD In Vivo Problem-Solving Research

How Experts Solve Problems

Differences Between How Experts and Novices Solve Problems

Expertise Is Only an Advantage in the Expert’s Specialty

Creative Problem Solving

What Is Creativity?

Practical Creativity

Generating Ideas

DEMONSTRATION Creating an Object

Creativity and the Brain

Opening the Mind to Think “Outside the Box”

Brain “Preparation” for Insight and Analytical Problem Solving

Networks Associated with Creativity

SOMETHING TO CONSIDERWired to Create: Things Creative People Do Differently

Daydreaming

Solitude

Mindfulness

TEST YOURSELF 12.2

CHAPTER SUMMARY

THINK ABOUT IT

KEY TERMS

Chapter 13: Judgment, Decisions, and Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning: Making Judgmentsfrom Observations

The Availability Heuristic

DEMONSTRATION Which Is More Prevalent?

The Representativeness Heuristic

DEMONSTRATION Judging Occupations

DEMONSTRATION Description of a Person

DEMONSTRATION Male and Female Births

Attitudes Can Affect Judgment

Evaluating False Evidence

TEST YOURSELF 13.1

Deductive Reasoning: Syllogisms and Logic

Categorical Syllogisms

Mental Models of Deductive Reasoning

Conditional Syllogisms

Conditional Reasoning: The Wason Four-Card Problem

DEMONSTRATION The Wason Four-Card Problem

TEST YOURSELF 13.2

Decision Making: Choosing Among Alternatives

The Utility Approach to Decisions

How Emotions Affect Decisions

Decisions Can Depend on the Context WithinWhich They Are Made

Decisions Can Depend on How Choices Are Presented

DEMONSTRATION What Would You Do?

Neuroeconomics: The Neural Basis of Decision Making

SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: The Dual Systems Approach to Thinking

POSTSCRIPT: DONDERS RETURNS

TEST YOURSELF 13.3

CHAPTER SUMMARY

THINK ABOUT IT

KEY TERMS

COGLAB EXPERIMENTS

Glossary

References

Name Index

Subject Index