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Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Theory and Design Examples, Volume 2:: Post-Treatment, Reuse, and Disposal

By Syed R. Qasim, Guang Zhu
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Edition 1st Edition

First Published 5 December 2017
eBook Published 22 November 2017
Pub. location Boca Raton
Imprint CRC Press
Pages 721 pages
eBook ISBN 9780203732984
Subjects Engineering & Technology, Environment and Sustainability

کتاب تصـفیه فاضـلاب و اسـتفاده مجدد آن : تئـوری و مثال های طراحی سال 2018  دکتر قسیم

درباره نویسنده Dr. Syed R. Qasim

 Dr. Syed R. Qasim is a Professor Emeritus in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Texas at Arlington. Dr Qasim received his Ph.D and MSCE degrees from West Virginia University, and BSCE degree from India. He served on the faculty of Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, NY; and on the faculty of the University of Texas at Arlington, TX from 1973 till his retirement in 2007. Dr. Qasim has conducted full time research with Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus Laboratories; and has worked as a design engineer with a consulting engineering firm in Columbus, Ohio.

دکتر سیدر قسیم

He has over 47 years of experience as an educator, researcher, and practitioner in the related fields of environmental engineering. His principal research and teaching interests include water and wastewater treatment processes and plant design, industrial waste treatment, and solid and hazardous waste management. He served nationally and internationally as a consultant with governmental agencies and private concerns. Dr. Qasim has written three books, and is author or coauthor of over 150 technical papers, encyclopedia and book chapters, and research reports.

دکتر قسیم

His papers, seminars, and short courses have been presented nationally and internationally. He is a life member of American Society of Civil Engineers and Water Environment Federation; a member of Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors , American Water Works Association, and other professional and honor societies. He is a Registered Professional Engineer in the State of Texas.

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ویژگی های کتاب Wastewater Treatment and Reuse  Volume 2: Post-Treatment, Reuse, and Disposal

دانلود کلیه فصول کتاب Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Theory and Design Examples, Volume 2

Chapter | 2 pages

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Chapter | 10 pages
Contents
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Discussion Topics and Review Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-33 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-35

3 Mass Balance and Reactors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3.1 Chapter Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3.2 Mass Balance Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.2.1 Procedure for Mass Balance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 3.2.2 Combining Flow Streams of a Single Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 3.2.3 Combining a Conservative Substance and Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6 3.2.4 Mass or Concentration of Nonconservative Substances in Reactors . . . . . . . . . . 3-13

3.3 Flow Regime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16 3.4 Types of Reactors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16

3.4.1 Batch Reactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16 3.4.2 Continuous-Flow Stirred-Tank Reactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18 3.4.3 Plug Flow Reactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-34 3.4.4 Comparative Performance of a PFR and CFSTR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-39 3.4.5 Performance of CFSTRs in Series (Cascade Arrangement) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-44 3.4.6 Graphical Solution of Series CFSTRs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-52

خرید کتاب مهندسي فاضلاب قسمت 1و 2

3.5 Plug Flow Reactors with Dispersion and Conversion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-56 3.5.1 Flow Regime and Dispersion of Tracer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-56 3.5.2 Performance Evaluation of Sedimentation Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-56 3.5.3 Dispersion with Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-62

3.6 Equalization of Flow and Mass Loadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-69 3.6.1 Need and Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-69 3.6.2 Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-70 3.6.3 Design Volume of Equalization Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-71

Discussion Topics and Review Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-83 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-85

4 Sources and Flow Rates of Municipal Wastewater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4.1 Chapter Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4.2 Relationship between Municipal Water Demand and Wastewater Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4.3 Components of Municipal Water Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . 4-3

خرید اینترنتی کتاب تصفیه خانه های فاضلاب | تألیف سیدر قسیم

4.3.1 Residential or Domestic Water Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4 4.3.2 Commercial Water Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4 4.3.3 Institutional and Public Water Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4 4.3.4 Industrial Water Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 4.3.5 Water Unaccounted or or Lost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 4.3.6 Factors Affecting Water Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6

4.4 Wastewater Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12 4.5 Wastewater Flow Variation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13

4.5.1 Dry Weather Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 4.5.2 Infiltration and Inflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14 4.5.3 Common Terms Used to Express Flow Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter | 6 pages
Preface

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Over the last decade there have been rapid developments and changes in the field of wastewater treatment. The emphasis has been on identification, detection, and removal of specific constituents; computer simulation and modeling; membrane processes; renovation and reuse of wastewater effluent; nutrients recovery, and reduction and utilization of biosolids; energy conservation; greater understanding of theory and principles of treatment processes; and application of these fundamentals into facility design. Environmental engineers have many responsibilities. One of the most demanding yet satisfying of these are the design of wastewater treatment and reuse facilities. There are several books that discuss the fundamentals, scientific principles, and concepts and methodologies of wastewater treatment.

The actual design calculation steps in numerical examples with intense focus on practical application of theory and principles into process and facility design are not fully covered in these publications. The intent of the authors writing this book is threefold: first, to present briefly the theory involved in specific wastewater treatment processes; second, to define the important design parameters involved in the process, and provide typical design values of these parameters for ready reference; and third, to provide a design approach by providing numerical applications and step-by-step design calculation procedure in the solved examples.

دانلود ایبوک تصفیه خانه های فاضلاب برنامه ریزی، طراحی و راهبری (جلد دوم)

Over 700 illustrative example problems and solutions have been worked out to cover the complete spectrum of wastewater treatment and reuse from fundamentals through advanced technology applied to primary, secondary and advanced treatment, reuse of effluent, by-product recovery and reuse of biosolids. These examples and solutions enhance the readers’ comprehension and deeper understanding of the basic concepts. They also serve as a good source of information for more experienced engineers, and also aid in the formal design training and instruction of engineering students. Equipment selection and design procedures are the key functions of engineers and should be emphasized in engineering curricula. Many practice problems with step-by-step solution provide skills to engineering students and professionals of diverse background for learning, and to master the problem-solving techniques needed for professional engineering (PE) exams.

Also, these solved examples can be applied by the plant designers to design various components and select equipment for the treatment facilities. Thus, the book is a consolidated resource of valuable quick-and-easy access to a myriad of theory and practice information and solved examples on wastewater treatment processes and reuse.

Chapter | 2 pages
Acknowledgment

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A project of this magnitude requires the cooperation and collaboration of many people and organizations. We are indebted to many professionals, faculty members, students, and friends who have helped and provided constructive suggestions. We must acknowledge the support, encouragement, and stimulating discussion by Michael Morrison, W. Walter Chiang, and Pete K. Patel throughout this project. CP&Y, Inc., a multidisciplinary consulting engineering firm in Dallas, Texas provided the technical support.

کتاب طراحی، برنامه‌ریزی و راهبری تصفیه‌خانه‌های فاضلاب

We gratefully appreciate the support and assistance provided by Michael F. Graves, Marisa T. Vergara, Gregory W. Johnson, Ellen C. Carpenter, Barbara E. Vincent, Megan E. Martin, Gil W. Barnett, and Dario B. Sanchez. Many students also assisted with typing, artwork, literature search, and proofreading. Among them are Bernard D’Souza, Rajeshwar Kamidi, Neelesh Sule, Richa Karanjekar, Gautam Eapi, and Olimatou Ceesay. Kelcy Warren established Syed Qasim Endowed Professorship in Environmental Engineering in the Department of Civil Engineering at The University of Texas at Arlington.

فروش نسخه ۲۰۱۸ کتاب تخصصی آب و فاضلاب دکتر قسیم

Funds from this endowment helped to support students. The support of the Department of Civil Engineering at The University of Texas at Arlington is greatly appreciated. In particular, we thank the support of Dr. Ali Abolmaali, and tireless support of Sara Ridenour in making departmental resources available. Finally, we must acknowledge with deep appreciation the support, encouragement, and patience of our families. Although the portions of this book have been reviewed by professionals and students, the real test will not come until this book is used in classes, and by professionals in design of wastewater treatment facilities. We shall appreciate it very much if all who use this book will let us know of any errors and changes they believe would improve its usefulness.

Chapter | 2 pages
Authors

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Syed R. Qasim is a professor emeritus in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Texas at Arlington. Dr. Qasim earned PhD and MSCE from West Virginia University, and BSCE from India. He served on the faculty of Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, New York, and on the faculty of the University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, from 1973 till his retirement in 2007. Dr. Qasim has conducted full-time research with Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus Laboratories, and has worked as a design engineer with a consulting engineering firm in Columbus, Ohio. He has over 47 years of experience as an educator, researcher, and practitioner in the related fields of environmental engineering.

دانلود کتاب مهندسی فاضلاب قسیم (Qasim)

His principal research and teaching interests include water and wastewater treatment processes and plant design, industrial waste treatment, and solid and hazardous waste management. He served nationally and internationally as a consultant with governmental agencies and private concerns. Dr. Qasim has written 3 books, and he is the author or coauthor of over 150 technical papers, encyclopedia and book chapters, and research reports. His papers, seminars, and short courses have been presented nationally and internationally. He is a life member and Fellow of American Society of Civil Engineers, and a life member of Water Environment Federation; a member of Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors, American Water Works Association, and other professional and honor societies. He is a registered professional engineer in the state of Texas.

Chapter 11 | 142 pages
Disinfection

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Wastewater contains many types of human enteric organisms that are associated with various waterborne diseases. Disinfection is the primary mechanism for inactivation and destruction of disease-causing organisms present in the wastewater, and it is one of the common steps required in wastewater treatment and reuse. Presently, chlorination of both water supply and wastewater effluent is a widespread practice for the control of waterborne diseases. Alternate methods of disinfection are receiving a great deal of attention because chlorination may result in the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs); many of which are known carcinogens.

کتاب طراحی، برنامه‌ریزی و راهبری تصفیه‌خانه‌های فاضلاب

The material presented in this chapter covers the following important issues related to the disinfection process and facility design:

• Objectives and requirements of disinfection • Disinfection techniques to meet the disinfection goals • Basic design considerations for chlorination and dechlorination • Application of alternate methods of disinfection such as ozone and ultraviolet (UV) radiation

A disinfection process should be properly selected as the final defense after the routine nondisinfection treatment processes. The main objectives of wastewater disinfection are to protect public health from waterborne diseases, reduce adverse side effects to the aquatic life, eliminate threats to the environment, and comply with the regulatory requirements.

Chapter 12 | 80 pages
Effluent Reuse and Disposal

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High quality effluent from wastewater treatment plants is considered a reliable source of water supply. Increasing demand on fresh water for urban, industrial, irrigation, and many other needs has resulted in increased interest in effluent reuse. Even effluent discharged into natural waters is considered an indirect reuse for water supply.

کتاب طراحی، برنامه‌ریزی و راهبری تصفیه‌ خانه‌ های فاضلاب قسیم

The objectives of this chapter are to present:

• Major issues related to effluent reuse • Risk assessment • Storage facility for reclaimed water • Principal uses of wastewater effluent • Effluent disposal considerations • Design considerations for outfalls

The public health and safety and environmental concerns are the major issues of wastewater reuse. Currently available wastewater treatment systems are well understood, effective, and reliable. These facilities are able to produce effluent of any desired quality. However, there are still concerns of long-term human health and safety, and environmental risks that are very difficult to establish. For these reasons, wastewater reuse in many cases has not received public acceptance.

Chapter 13 | 196 pages
Residuals Processing, Disposal, and Reuse

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Residuals are removed from wastewater, and they are processed through various treatment processes. Screenings and grit are separated at the preliminary treatment facilities. Settleable organic solids and scum are removed in the primary clarifier, and excess biomass is removed from the biological treatment in the secondary (or final) clarifier. The characteristics (quality and quantity) of screenings and grit, and disposal have been presented in Chapters 6 through 8. Discussion on scum, primary sludge, and waste activated sludge is presented in Chapters 6, 9, and 10. The objectives of this chapter are to present the following:

• Conventional and emerging technologies applied to residuals management • Characteristics of municipal sludge • Sludge processing systems, process diagrams, and regulatory requirements • Methods of sludge-thickening and thickener design • Methods of sludge stabilization, and theory and design of sludge digestion,

and biogas utilization • Methods of sludge conditioning and dewatering • Material mass balance analysis and impact of sidestreams on influent characteristics

of wastewater • Emerging technologies for sludge processing • Composting of sludge solids • Heat drying, incineration, and other sludge destruction processes • Land application of biosolids • Disposal of sludge by landfilling

کتاب طراحی تصفیه خانه فاضلاب (قسیم)

The residuals management facilities usually represent 40-60% of total construction costs of wastewater treatment plant, and consume a disproportionate share of operating costs. The conventional treatment facilities are thickening, digestion, conditioning, dewatering, and disposal. In recent years, many emerging technologies have been developed to recover resources such as nutrients and proteins, and to digest solids more completely and efficiently to reduce the quantity while recovering the energy. The conventional processes are presented in Sections 13.4 through 13.9. The emerging technologies are covered in Section 13.10. Finally, the biosolids reuse and disposal is presented in Section 13.11.

Chapter 14 | 42 pages
Plant Layout, Yard Piping, Plant Hydraulics, and Instrumentation and Controls

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Proper layout of treatment units, connecting conduits, roads and parking facilities, administration building, and maintenance shops is important for day to day plant operation and maintenance, and future expansion. Also, the elevations of treatment units and pipings are properly adjusted to give adequate hydraulic gradient for gravity flow, and to protect from submergence under peak flows. Proper use of instrumentation and automatic controls reduces labor requirements, chemical usages, and power consumptions; improves treatment process performance and reliability; and provides adequate data acquisition and recording. The objectives of this chapter are to:

• Present the basic considerations for plant layout, and in particular a compact and modular design concept

• Provide guidelines for selection of appurtenances and connecting pipings between the treatment units

• Present principles of designing yard piping and preparation of hydraulic profile • Present basic process control strategies for physical and chemical measuring elements and instru-

ments, and automatic control systems

دانلود کتاب qasim

Plant layout is the physical arrangement of treatment units, pipings, buildings, and roads on the selected site. Proper plant layout can (1) enhance the attractiveness of the site; (2) minimize construction and operation costs; (3) offer flexibility in future process modifications and plant expansion; (4) fit the operational and maintenance needs of the processes and plant personnel; (5) integrate the functions of all components; and (6) maintain the landscaping and plant structure in perfect harmony with the environment.1-3

Many factors are considered for plant layout on the selected site. Some of these factors are discussed below. A typical layout plan of a compact facility is presented in Example 6.24 and shown in Figure 6.12. Aerial views of several layouts of treatment plants are shown in Figure 14.1.

Chapter 15 | 162 pages
Advanced Wastewater Treatment and Upgrading Secondary Treatment Facility

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Upgrading of a secondary wastewater treatment plant may be necessary to meet the existing or stringent future effluent quality requirements. This may involve removal of suspended solids, organics, and nutrients beyond the capability of a secondary treatment plant. Advanced wastewater treatment is, therefore, removal of suspended and colloidal solids, nutrients, and many dissolved constituent remaining after conventional secondary treatment.

تصفیه خانه‌های فاضلاب، برنامه‌ریزی، طراحی و راهبری (جلد دوم)

The dissolved constituents may range from simple inorganic ions to complex synthetic organic compounds. The objectives of this chapter are to discuss the treatment processes used to upgrade the existing conventional secondary treatment facility and to achieve the advanced wastewater treatment. These treatment processes are:

• Natural systems • Chemical precipitation • Breakpoint chlorination for ammonia removal • Air stripping for removal of dissolved gases • Filtration, adsorption, and ion exchange • Membranes and membrane bioreactors (MBRs) • Distillation and other demineralization processes • Treatment and disposal of concentrated brine

The advanced treatment processes may be applied to secondary or primary treated effluents. They are used to remove four categories of constituents depending upon the degree of treatment desired. These are: (1) organic and inorganic suspended and colloidal solids, (2) dissolved organic constituents, (3) dissolved inorganic constituents, and (4) biological constituents, such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoan cysts and oocysts. The generalized process combinations are provided in Table 15.1.

مشخصات کتاب Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Theory and Design Examples, Volume 2 Principles and Basic Treatment Syed R. Qasim Download Ebook 9781351402743

https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351402743

فهرست مطالب کتاب Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Theory and Design Examples, Volume 2

VOLUME 2 Post-Treatment, Reuse, and Disposal
11 Disinfection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1
11.1 Chapter Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1
11.2 Objectives and Requirements of Disinfection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1
11.2.1 Pathogens and Indicator Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1
11.2.2 Microbial Reduction in Wastewater Treatment Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3
11.2.3 Regulatory Process and Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-7
11.3 Disinfection Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-7
11.3.1 Chemical Disinfection Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-8
11.3.2 Physical Disinfection Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-8
11.3.3 Suitability of Disinfection Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-8

طراحی تصفیه خانه آب و فاضلاب در مورد بهداشت ایمنی

11.3.4 Chlorine and Ozone Doses for Required Disinfection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-9
11.3.5 Disinfection By-products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-9
11.4 Inactivation Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-9
11.5 Inactivation Kinetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-11
11.5.1 Natural Die-Off Kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-11
11.5.2 Inactivation Kinetics for Chemical Disinfection Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-15
11.6 Chlorination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-29
11.6.1 Physical Properties of Chlorine and Hypochlorite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-30
11.6.2 Basic Chlorine Chemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-36
11.6.3 Components of Chlorination System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-55
11.6.4 Other Beneficial Applications of Chlorine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-68
11.6.5 Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-73
11.7 Dechlorination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-76
11.7.1 Dechlorination with Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-76
x Contents

Volume 2:: Post-Treatment, Reuse, and Disposal

11.7.2 Dechlorination with Sodium Bisulfite (NaHSO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-77
11.7.3 Dechlorination with Other Reducing Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-78
11.7.4 Dechlorination with Activated Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-78
11.7.5 Dechlorination of Chlorine Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-78
11.8 Disinfection with Ozone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-81
11.8.1 Ozone Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-81
11.8.2 Properties of Ozone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-82
11.8.3 Ozone Dosage for Disinfection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-82
11.8.4 Ozone Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-83
11.8.5 Ozone Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-85
11.8.6 Kinetic Equations for Ozone Disinfection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-87
11.9 Disinfection with UV Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-97
11.9.1 Mechanism of UV Disinfection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-97
11.9.2 Source of UV Radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-97
11.9.3 Types of UV Reactors and Lamp Arrangements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-98
11.9.4 Microbial Repair after UV Disinfection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-98
11.9.5 Inactivation Kinetics for UV Irradiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-100
11.9.6 UV Transmittance, Density, Intensity, and Dose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-111

دانلود کتاب تصفیه فاضلاب قسیم-بخش دوم – مهندسی بهداشت محیط زیست

11.9.7 Major Components of Open-Channel UV Disinfection Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 11-115
11.9.8 Hydraulics of UV Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-116
11.10 Recent Developments in Disinfection Reactor Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-129
Discussion Topics and Review Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-130
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-134
12 Effluent Reuse and Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
12.1 Chapter Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
12.2 Major Issues Related to Effluent Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1

طراحی تصفیه خانه آب و فاضلاب در مورد بهداشت ایمنی

12.2.1 Quality Parameters of Reclaimed Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
12.2.2 Treatment Technology for Reclaimed Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
12.2.3 Regulations or Guidelines Regarding Reuse of Reclaimed Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-7
12.3 Health Risk Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-7
12.3.1 Quantitative Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-7
12.3.2 Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12
12.3.3 Assessment of Noncarcinogenic Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-13
12.3.4 Assessment of Carcinogenic Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-16
12.4 Storage Facility for Reclaimed Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-24
12.4.1 Enclosed Storage Reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-24
12.4.2 Open Storage Reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-25
12.5 Reclaimed Water Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-27
12.5.1 Urban Water Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-27
12.5.2 Industrial Water Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-28
12.5.3 Agricultural Irrigation Reuse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-35
12.5.4 Impoundments for Recreational and Aesthetic Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-40
12.5.5 Environmental Reuse for Habitat Restoration and Enhancement. . . . . . . . . . . . 12-40

Volume 2:: Post-Treatment, Reuse, and Disposal

12.5.6 Groundwater Recharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-41
12.5.7 Augmentation of Potable Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-45
12.6 Effluent Discharge into Natural Waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-48
12.6.1 Requirements of Outfall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-48
12.6.2 Water Quality Models of Surface Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-49
12.6.3 Design of Outfall Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-65
Contents xi
Discussion Topics and Review Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-73
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-77
13 Residuals Processing, Disposal, and Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1
13.1 Chapter Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1
13.2 Conventional and Emerging Technologies for Sludge Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1
13.3 Characteristics of Municipal Sludge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-2
13.3.1 Sources and Solids Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-2
13.3.2 Sludge Quantity Variations and Solids and Volume Relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-2
13.3.3 Sludge and Scum Pumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-4
13.3.4 Preliminary Sludge Preparation Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-6
13.4 Conventional Sludge Processing Systems, Process Diagrams, and
Regulatory Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-14
13.4.1 Sludge Processing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-14
13.4.2 Sidestreams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-14
13.4.3 Process Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-14

تصفیه خانه های فاضلاب برنامه ریزی، طراحی و راهبری (جلد اول)

13.4.4 Regulatory Requirements for Biosolids Reuse and Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-14
13.5 Sludge Thickening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-22
13.5.1 Gravity Thickening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-22
13.5.2 Dissolved Air Flotation Thickening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-33
13.5.3 Centrifugal Thickening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-37
13.5.4 Gravity Belt Thickening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-38
13.5.5 Rotary Drum Thickener . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-40
13.5.6 Membrane Thickener . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-40
13.6 Sludge Stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-41
13.6.1 Anaerobic Digestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-41
13.6.2 Aerobic Digestion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-72
13.6.3 Chemical Stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-89
13.6.4 Heat Treatment or Thermal Stabilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-90
13.7 Sludge Conditioning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-90
13.7.1 Chemical Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-90
13.7.2 Physical Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-97
13.8 Sludge Dewatering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-97
13.8.1 Natural Dewatering Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-98
13.8.2 Mechanical Dewatering Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-109
13.9 Material Mass Balance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-125

Reuse Theory and Design Examples, Volume 2:: Post-Treatment, Reuse, and Disposal

13.10 Emerging Technologies for Enhanced Sludge Stabilization
and Resource Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-134
13.10.1 Pretreatment of Sludge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-134
13.10.2 Enhanced Anaerobic Digestion Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-136
13.10.3 Resource Recovery from Municipal Sludge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-137
13.10.4 Nitrogen Removal by Partial Nitrification/Anammox
(PN/A) Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-139
13.11 Sludge Disposal and Biosolids Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-147
13.11.1 Composting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-148
13.11.2 Heat Drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-159
13.11.3 Thermal Oxidations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-159
13.11.4 Recalcination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-164
13.11.5 Land Application of Biosolids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-164
xii Contents
13.11.6 Residuals Disposal by Landfilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-176
Discussion Topics and Review Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-182
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-186
14 Plant Layout, Yard Piping, Plant Hydraulics, and Instrumentation
and Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1
14.1 Chapter Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1
14.2 Plant Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1

Volume 2:: Post-Treatment, Reuse, and Disposal Syed R. Qasim, Guang Zhu

14.2.1 Factors Affecting Plant Layout and Site Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1
14.2.2 Construction Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-2
14.2.3 Compact and Modular Site Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-3
14.2.4 Plant Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-4
14.2.5 Environmental Considerations and Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-4
14.2.6 Occupational Health and Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-5
14.2.7 Future Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-5
14.3 Yard Piping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-10
14.3.1 Organizing Yard Piping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-10
14.3.2 Pipe Galleries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-10
14.3.3 Considerations for Plant Upgrading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-11
14.4 Plant Hydraulics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-11
14.4.1 Hydraulic Profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-11
14.4.2 Head Losses through Treatment Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-12
14.4.3 Head Losses through Connecting Conduits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-12
14.5 Instrumentation and Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-21
14.5.1 Benefits of Instrumentation and Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-21
14.5.2 Components of Control Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-21
Discussion Topics and Review Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-37
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-40
15 Advanced Wastewater Treatment and Upgrading Secondary

دانلود کتاب تصفیه فاضلاب قسیم-بخش دوم – مهندسی بهداشت محیط زیست

Treatment Facility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1
15.1 Chapter Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1
15.2 Application of Advanced Treatment Technologies and Upgrading of
Secondary Effluent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1
15.3 Natural Treatment Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1
15.3.1 Terrestrial Treatment Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-2
15.3.2 Aquatic Treatment Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-14
15.4 Advanced Wastewater Treatment Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-26
15.4.1 Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-26
15.4.2 Chemical Coagulation and Phosphorus Precipitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-27
15.4.3 Lime Precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-28
15.4.4 Breakpoint Chlorination for Ammonia Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-28
15.4.5 Air Stripping for Removal of Dissolved Gases and VOCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-29
15.4.6 Granular Filtration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-40
15.4.7 Surface Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-74
15.4.8 Carbon Adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-78
15.4.9 Ion Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-100

Reuse Theory and Design Examples, Volume 2:: Post-Treatment, Reuse, and Disposal

Contents xiii
15.4.10 Membrane Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-120
15.4.11 Concentration and Disposal of Waste Brine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-146
Discussion Topics and Review Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-153
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-156
Appendix A: Abbreviations and Symbols, Basic Information about Elements, Useful
Constants, Common Chemicals Used in Water and Wastewater
Treatment, and the U.S. Standard Sieves and Size of Openings. . . . . . . . . . A-1
Appendix B: Physical Constants and Properties of Water, Solubility of
Dissolved Gases in Water, and Important Constants for Stability
and Sodicity of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1
Appendix C: Minor Head Loss Coefficients for Pressure Conduits and Open
Channels, Normal Commercial Pipe Sizes, and Design Information
of Parshall Flume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1
Appendix D: Unit Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1
Appendix E: Summary of Design Parameters for Wastewater
Treatment Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1
Appendix F: List of Examples and Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-1
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1

تصاویر بخش هایی از کتاب Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Volume 2

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کلمات کلیدی  : Metcalf and Eddy,qasim,بهره برداری از تصفیه خانه,تصفیه آب,تصفیه خانه آب,تصفیه خانه فاضلاب,تصفیه فاضلاب,تکنولوژی های تصفیه آب و فاضلاب,دانلود کتاب مرجع آب و فاضلاب,طراحی تصفیه خانه,طراحی تصفیه خانه فاضلاب,قسیم,کتاب,کتاب تصفیه آب,کتاب تصفیه فاضلاب,کتاب تصفیه فاضلاب شهری,متکف,مهندسی آب و فاضلاب,مهندسی فاضلاب,هندبوک,هندبوک آب و فاضلاب,هندبوک مهندسی